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The Sittard dialect (Dutch: Sittards, Limburgish: Zittesj, German: Selfkanter Platt, in reference to the variety used in Germany) is a Limburgish dialect spoken mainly in the Dutch city of Sittard. It is also spoken in Koningsbosch and in a small part of Germany (Selfkant), but quickly becoming extinct there. Of all other important Limburgish dialects, the dialect of Sittard is most closely related to that of the Roermond dialect [nl].

Sittard dialect
Zittesj
Pronunciation[ˈzɪtəʃ]
Native toNetherlands, Germany
RegionSittard, Koningsbosch, Selfkant
Language family
Indo-European
  • Germanic
    • West Germanic
      • Istvaeonic
        • Low Franconian
          • Meuse-Rhenish
            • Limburgish
              • East Limburgish
                • Southern East Limburgish
                  • Sittard dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
The Sittard diphthongization (after Dols, 1953) extends into the German municipality Selfkant
The Sittard diphthongization (after Dols, 1953) extends into the German municipality Selfkant

Characteristics


The Sittard dialect belongs to East Limburgish [nl], which means it has a postalveolar consonant at the onset of words beginning with clusters such as sl and st, in contrast with other variants of Limburgish such as Maastrichtian and in Dutch.

The most important characteristic which distinguishes the dialect of Sittard from adjacent Limburgish dialects is the so-called Sittard diphthongization, i.e. the replacement of the close-mid monophthongs /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ with the wide diphthongs /ɛɪ/, /œʏ/ and /ɔʊ/ in some words such as neit /ˈnɛɪt/ ("not", originally neet /ˈneːt/), zuike /ˈzœʏkə/ ("to search", originally zeuke /ˈzøːkə/) and bloud /ˈblɔʊt/ ("blood", originally blood /ˈbloːt/). It resembles the Polder Dutch phenomenon in Standard Dutch, though it is extended to the environment before /ʀ/ (where an epenthetic schwa is inserted before the consonant), as in beier /ˈbɛɪəʀ/ ("beer"). This phenomenon was first examined thoroughly in the first half of the 1940s by Willy Dols, who showed that this Sittard diphthongization typically occurred in syllables with a push tone. New research at the beginning of the 21st century has shown that the diphthongization once served to emphasize the difference in vowel length which distinguishes syllables with a push tone from those with a dragging tone.[1][2][3]


Phonology



Vowels


Vowel phonemes[3][4][5][6]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
Close iː ⟨ie⟩ yː ⟨uu⟩ uː ⟨oe⟩
Close-mid ɪ ⟨i⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ ʏ ⟨u⟩ øː ⟨eu⟩ ə ⟨e⟩ ʊ ⟨ó⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩
Open-mid ɛ ⟨è⟩ ɛː ⟨ae⟩ œ ⟨ö⟩ œː ⟨äö⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩ ɔː ⟨ao⟩
Open æ ⟨e⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩ ɑ ⟨a⟩
Diphthongs ɛɪ ⟨ei/ij⟩   œʏ ⟨ui⟩   ɔʊ ⟨au/ou⟩   aɪ ⟨ai⟩   aʊ ⟨aw⟩

Consonants


Consonant phonemes[4][6]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨nj⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive /
affricate		 voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ tʃ ⟨tj⟩ k ⟨k⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ dʒ ⟨dj⟩ ɡ ⟨gk⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sj⟩ x ⟨ch⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨zj⟩ ɣ ⟨g⟩ ɦ ⟨h⟩
Liquid l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨lj⟩ ʀ ⟨r⟩
Approximant w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨j⟩

Pitch accent


Main article: Pitch-accent language § Franconian dialects

As many other Limburgish dialects, the Sittard dialect features a contrastive pitch accent, with minimal pairs such as goud /ˈɣɔʊt/ 'gold' (featuring the push tone) vs. goud /ˈɣɔʊt˦/ 'good' (featuring the dragging tone, transcribed as a high tone). The push tone is realized as a rising-falling contour in the declarative pattern, whereas the dragging tone varies between rising (when the sentence focus falls on the syllable that is non-final) and a shallow rising-falling contour when the syllable is sentence-final. The distinction between the two tones is neutralized outside of the sentence focus. In interrogative sentences, the distinction is always made.[3][6][7][8]


References


  1. http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/carlos/dols43.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. Carlos Gussenhoven Over het waarom van de Sittardse diftongering Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen in Dutch
  3. Stichting, Willy Dols. "De Sittardse Diftongering | Willy Dols Stichting" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  4. Stichting, Willy Dols. "Gebruikte tekens in het Sittards | Willy Dols Stichting" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  5. Stichting, Willy Dols. "On-Nederlandse klinkers | Willy Dols Stichting" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  6. Schelberg, P.J.G. (1986) [1979], Woordenboek van het Sittards Dialect (PDF) (3rd ed.), Amsterdamer Publikationen zur Sprache und Literatur
  7. Stichting, Willy Dols. "Typische spellingsproblemen 3 | Willy Dols Stichting" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  8. Hanssen (2005), cited in Bodelier (2011:9)

Bibliography



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