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Taymanitic was the language and script of the oasis of Taymāʾ in northwestern Arabia, dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.[1]

Taymanitic
RegionTaymāʾ
Erasecond half of the 6th century BCE
Language family
Afroasiatic
  • Semitic
    • West Semitic
      • Central
        • Northwest Semitic?
          • Taymanitic
Writing system
Ancient North Arabian
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologtaym1240

Classification


Taymanitic does not participate in the key innovations of Proto-Arabic, precluding it from being considered a member of the Arabic language family. It shares one key isogloss with Northwest Semitic: the change w > y in word-initial position. Examples include yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.[2]

It is clear that Taymanitic script expressed a distinct linguistic variety that is not Arabic and not closely related to Hismaic or Safaitic, while it can tentatively be suggested that it was more closely related to Northwest Semitic.[3]


Phonology



Consonants


Consonant phonemes[4]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyn-
geal
Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Nasal m n
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t ts k ʔ
voiced b d dz ɡ
ejective tsʼ tɬʼ
Fricative voiceless s ɬ x ʕ h
voiced ɣ ħ
Liquid trill r
central l
Semivowel j w

Vowels


Monophthong phonemes
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close i u
Open a

There were two diphthongs of a vowel and semivowel: /aj/ and /aw/.[4]


Characteristics


Taymanitic exhibits two major features which are innovative:[2]

  1. The change w > y in word-initial position: yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.
  2. The mergers *z, * > *z, *s3, * > *s3, and *, * > * (loss of interdentals).

Unlike Arabic, Taymanitic does not exhibit the merger of Proto-Semitic [s] and [ts].


References


  1. Kootstra, Fokelien (15 August 2016). "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Arabian Epigraphic Notes. LeiCenSAA: 68.
  2. "Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  3. Kootstra, Fokelien (15 August 2016). "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Arabian Epigraphic Notes. LeiCenSAA: 107.
  4. "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Retrieved 2016-09-14.



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