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Kumzari (Persian: کومزاری, Arabic: لغة كمزارية) is a Southwestern Iranian language that is similar to the Persian, Achomi and Luri languages.[3] Although vulnerable, it survives today with between 4,000 and 5,000 speakers.[4] It is spoken by Kumzaris on the Kumzar coast of Musandam Peninsula, northern Oman. This is the only Iranian language spoken exclusively in the Arabian Peninsula. Kumzaris can also be found in the towns of Dibba and Khasab as well as various villages, and on Larak Island. The speakers are descendants of fishermen who inhabited the coast of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.[citation needed]

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Kumzari
Native toOman
RegionKumzar
EthnicityKumzar, Shihuh[1]
Native speakers
(2,300 cited 1993–2011)[2]
Language family
Indo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Iranian
      • Western Iranian
        • Southwestern
          • Kumzari
Language codes
ISO 639-3zum
Glottologkumz1235
ELPKumzari

Location


The Kumzari name derives from the historically rich mountainous village of Kumzar. The language has two main groups of speakers, one on each side of the Strait of Hormuz: by the Shihuh tribe of the Musandam Peninsula and by the Laraki community of Larak Island in Iran. On the Musandam Peninsula, the Kumzar population is concentrated in Oman, in the village of Kumzar and in a quarter of Khasab known as the Harat al-Kumzari. In addition, Kumzari is found at Dibba and the coastal villages of Elphinstone and the Malcolm Inlets. It is the mother tongue of fishermen who are descendants of the Yemeni conqueror of Oman, Malek bin Faham (Arabic: مالك بن فهم). Based on linguistic evidence, the presence of Kumzari in the Arabia region exists prior to the Muslim conquest of the region in the 7th Century A.D.[5]


Phonology



Consonants


Kumzari has consonants, and all but three (ʔ, ʁ, ɦ) also exist as geminates[6]

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar[lower-alpha 1]		 Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain velarized
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p t tˠ tʃ k q ʔ
voiced b d dˠ dʒ g
Fricative voiceless f s sˠ ʃ χ ħ ɦ
voiced z zˠ ʁ
Nasal m n
Approximant w l ɻ lˠ j
  1. van der Wal uses the term alveo-palatal to describe these consonants, using IPA symbols for palato-alveolar consonants rather than alveolo-palatal consonants

Vowels


Kumzari has a length distinction in its vowels, with five long vowels and three short vowels. Vowels never occur in direct hiatus; rather, they are separated by either a semivowel such as /j/ or /w/, or a glottal stop (/ʔ/).

Vowels
Front Central Back
Long high iː uː
Short near-close ɪ ʊ
Short near-open ɐ
Long low aː

References


  1. THOMAS, BERTRAM; Edmonds, BERTRAM THOMAS. The Kumzari Dialect of the Shihuh Tribe, Arabia, and a Vocabulary.
  2. Kumzari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). The History of Ancient Iran, Part 3, Volume 7. ISBN 9783406093975.
  4. Anonby, Erik J (2013). "Stress-induced Vowel Lengthening and Harmonization in Kumzari". Orientalia Suecana. 61: 54–58. OCLC 1026776205.
  5. Anonby, Erik; Yousefian, Pakzad (2011). Adaptive Multilinguals a Survey of Language on Larak Island. Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-554-8125-4. OCLC 1027080608.[page needed]
  6. van der Wal, Anonby C. A. (2015-04-22). A grammar of Kumzari: a mixed Perso-Arabian language of Oman. Leiden, Netherlands: Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University.



Further reading





На других языках

[de] Kumzari

Kumzari, gesprochen auf der zum Oman gehörenden Halbinsel Musandam in der Region Kumzar einschließlich der küstennahen Insel Dschazīrat Umm al-Ghanam, ist die einzige iranische Sprache, die auf der Arabischen Halbinsel beheimatet ist. Kumzari-Sprecher findet man sowohl in den Städten al-Chasab und Dibba als auch in mehreren Dörfern und auf der Insel Larak.
- [en] Kumzari language

[es] Idioma kumzari

El idioma kumzari es un idioma de la familia de lenguas iranias hablado por los miembros de la tribu shihuh en la costa de Kumzar, en la península de Musandam, al norte de Omán. Es el único idioma de esta familia que es hablado en la península arábiga. El kumzari es hablado también en las ciudades de Dibah y Khasab, así como varias villas y en la isla Larak. Son descendientes de pescadores que habitaron la costa del golfo Pérsico y el golfo de Omán.

[fr] Kumzari

Le kumzari (ou qumzari) est une langue persane parlée en Oman, dans le gouvernorat de Moussandam. C'est la seule langue iranienne parlée dans la péninsule Arabique, par 5 100 locuteurs dans la région de Kumzar, comme variante du Achomi et par 700 locuteurs en Iran (2011).

[ru] Кумзари

Кумзари́ (перс. کمزاری‎) или лараки (لارکی) — иранский язык, на котором говорят кумзары, в деревне Кумзар[en] на побережье полуострова Мусандам, на севере Омана. Это единственный иранский язык, распространённый только на Аравийском полуострове. Кумзары также живут в городе Эль-Хасаб, в районе Дибба, а также в различных деревнях и на острове Ларек. Они являются потомками рыбаков, которые населяли побережье Персидского и Оманского заливов.


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