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The Cari (occasionally "Kari"), Chariar or Sare language, also known as Aka-Cari, is an extinct Great Andamanese language, of the Northern group, which was spoken by the Cari people, one of a dozen Great Andamanese peoples.[2][3][4]

Cari
Sare
Aka-Cari
Native toIndia
RegionAndaman Islands; north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, other nearby small islands.
EthnicityCariar
Extinct4 April 2020[1]
Language family
Great Andamanese
  • Northern
    • Cari
Language codes
ISO 639-3aci
Glottologakac1240

In the 19th century the Cari lived on the north coast of North Andaman and on Landfall and other nearby small islands. By 1994 the population had been reduced to two women aged over 50 living with the other few surviving Great Andamanese on Strait Island. By 2021, both had died.[1]


History


The Cari population at the time of first European contacts (in the 1790s) has been estimated at 100 individuals, out of perhaps 3500 Great Andamanese.[3] Like other Andamanese peoples, the Cari were decimated during colonial and post-colonial times, by diseases, alcohol, colonial warfare and loss of territory. The population was down to 39 individuals in the 1901 census, falling to 36 in 1911, 17 in 1921, and 9 in 1931.[1]

In 1949 any remaining Cari were relocated, together with all other surviving Great Andamanese, to a reservation on Bluff island; and then again in 1969 to a reservation on Strait Island.[5]

By 1994, the tribe was reduced to only two women, aged 57 and 59, and therefore was on its way to extinction.[1] The last speaker, a woman called Licho, died from chronic tuberculosis on 4 April 2020 in Shadipur, Port Blair.[6]

They are a designated Scheduled Tribe.[7]


Grammar


The Great Andamanese languages are agglutinative languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.[8] They have a distinctive noun class system based largely on body parts, in which every noun and adjective may take a prefix according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the tongue.[8] An adjectival example can be given by the various forms of yop, "pliable, soft", in Aka-Bea:[8]

Similarly, beri-nga "good" yields:

The prefixes are,

BeaBalawa?Bajigyâs?JuwoiKol
head/heart ot-ôt-ote-ôto-ôto-
hand/foot ong-ong-ong-ôn-ôn-
mouth/tongue âkà-aka-o-ókô-o-
torso (shoulder to shins) ab-ab-ab-a-o-
eye/face/arm/breast i-, ig-id-ir-re-er-
back/leg/butt ar-ar-ar-ra-a-
waist ôto-

Body parts are inalienably possessed, requiring a possessive adjective prefix to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages; Aka-Bea will serve as a representative example (pronouns given in their basic prefixal forms):

I, my d- we, our m-
thou, thy ŋ- you, your ŋ-
he, his, she, her, it, its a they, their l-

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as k- and t-.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two cardinal numbers one and two and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.[8]


See also



References


  1. A. N. Sharma (2003), Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands, page 62. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.
  2. "Ethnologue India". Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  3. George Weber (~2009), Numbers Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Chapter 7 of The Andamanese Archived 5 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 12 July 2012.
  4. Abbi, Anvita (2009). "Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa?". Language Sciences. 31 (6): 791–812. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.02.002.
  5. Rann Singh Mann (2005), Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns, page 149. Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-8324-010-0
  6. International, Survival (1 June 2020). "The last speaker of the Sare language has died". Medium. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  7. "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  8. Temple, Richard C. (1902). A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.



На других языках


- [en] Aka-Cari language

[es] Idioma cari

Aka-cari (también conocido como idioma cari) es una lengua extinguida de las islas Andamán, en la India.

[ru] Чариар

Чариар (чари, ака-кари) — один из андамандских языков. Является вымершим языком, относился к северной группе.



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