Cumana (Kumaná) is a possibly extinct Chapacuran language. Various names ascribed to the language in Campbell (2012)[2] are Torá, Toraz (distinguish Torá language), and Cautario, the last perhaps after the local river, and Abitana-Kumaná (distinguish Abitana dialect).
| Cumana | |
|---|---|
| Kujubim | |
| Region | Southwestern Rondônia, Bolivia–Brazil border area |
Native speakers | perhaps 3 (2001)[1] |
Language family | Chapacuran
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
Linguist List | ite-kum Abitana-Kumaná |
1a6 Kuyubí | |
| Glottolog | kuyu1236 Kuyubi |
In addition, there is a Chapacuran language called Kujubim (Kuyubí, Cojubím), which may still be spoken. The endonym, Kaw To Yo (or Kaw Tayó, which means 'eaters of payara fish'), may be the source of the river and language name Cautario.[1] Sources which list one do not list the other, so these may be the same language.[3]
Conjubim vocabulary from Sampaio & da Silva (2011):[4]
| gloss | Conjubim |
|---|---|
| ‘I (1sg)’ | pa |
| ‘thou (2sg)’ | ma |
| ‘we (1pl)’ | ti |
| ‘many’ | napa |
| ‘one’ | tan |
| ‘two’ | wakoran |
| ‘big’ | pu |
| ‘small’ | pe |
| ‘woman’ | tana'man |
| ‘man (adult male human)’ | namankon |
| ‘child’ | rato |
| ‘person (individual human)’ | piten |
| ‘bird’ | pune |
| ‘dog’ | kinam |
| ‘louse (lice)’ | piw |
| ‘tree’ | pana |
| ‘seed (n)’ | tukayn |
| ‘leaf (botanics)’ | tan |
| ‘root (botanics)’ | toka ijn pana |
| ‘meat/flesh’ | nawa zip |
| ‘blood (n)’ | wik |
| ‘bone’ | pat |
| ‘egg’ | pariz |
| ‘fat (organic substance)’ | mapum |
| ‘horn’ | tataw |
| ‘tail’ | kipun |
| ‘hair (of head)’ | tunam upek |
| ‘head (anatomic)’ | pupek |
| ‘ear’ | tenetet |
| ‘eye’ | tok |
| ‘nose’ | pul |
| ‘tooth (general)’ | jat |
| ‘tongue (anatomical)’ | kapajak |
| ‘fingernail’ | tupi |
| ‘foot (not leg)’ | tinak |
| ‘knee’ | toko zimtinak |
| ‘hand (not arm)’ | pepeje tipan |
| ‘belly (abdomen, stomach)’ | takawta |
| ‘heart (organ)’ | tuku rutim |
| ‘liver’ | tawan |
| ‘drink (v)’ | tok |
| ‘eat’ | kaw |
| ‘bite (v)’ | kiw |
| ‘ash(es)’ | pop |
| ‘burn (tr. v)’ | pop |
| ‘see (v)’ | kirik |
| ‘hear (v)’ | rapat |
| ‘sleep (v)’ | pupiyn |
| ‘die (v)’ | pinĩ |
| ‘kill (v)’ | puru |
| ‘swim (v)’ | mara kujan |
| ‘fly (v)’ | ze |
| ‘walk (v)’ | wana |
| ‘lie (recline) (v)’ | titim |
| ‘sit (v)’ | pe |
| ‘stand (v)’ | pak |
| ‘give (v)’ | ni |
| ‘sun’ | mapitõ |
| ‘moon’ | panawo |
| ‘star’ | pipojõ |
| ‘water (n)’ | kom |
| ‘rain (n)’ | pipan narikom |
| ‘sand’ | tinak |
| ‘earth (soil, ground)’ | tinak |
| ‘tobacco’ | ju'e |
| ‘fire’ | pite |
| ‘red (colour)’ | siwí |
| ‘white (colour)’ | towa |
| ‘night’ | pisim |
| ‘warm’ | nok |
| ‘cold’ | tiw |
| ‘full’ | pẽpe |
| ‘good’ | nami |
| ‘round’ | pu |
A word list with 793 lexical items is also available from Rodrigues Duran (2000).[5]
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Chapacuran languages | |
|---|---|
Italics indicate extinct languages |