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Gammalsvenska (locally Gammölsvänsk; literally "Old Swedish") is an Estonian Swedish dialect spoken in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine.

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Gammalsvenska
Gammölsvänsk
Region	Gammalsvenskby, Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine
Native speakers	10 (2014)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic East Scandinavian Estonian Swedish Gammalsvenska
Writing system	Latin alphabet, medieval runes[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	sv-UA

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History

It derives from the Estonian Swedish dialect of the late 1700s as spoken on the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa).[3] While rooted in Swedish, the dialect shows influence and borrowings from Estonian, German, Russian, and Ukrainian.[4]

Prior to 1929, Gammalsvenska remained the first language for the Ukrainian Swedes; however, the last generation of Swedish-first speakers were born just after World War II Sovietization policies. Marriage into non-Swedish families and social pressures diminished the teaching of Gammalsvenska by parents to their children.[5] Since the 1950s a Russian-Ukrainian surzhyk has been the dominant language in the village, although some Standard Swedish is taught in schools where it is seen as economically advantageous for jobs in local tourism and other employment opportunities.[5] Use of Gammalsvenska is restricted mostly to older ethnic Swedes born in the 1920s or 1930s.[4] As of 2014 only about 10 fluent Gammalsvenska speakers, all elderly women, were known in Ukraine.[1]

In Meadows, Manitoba, where most of the immigrants from Gammalsvenskby to Canada eventually settled, Gammalsvenska was retained into the early 1900s. However, as of 2004, only a handful of elderly speakers remain.[6]

Example of Gammalsvenska[1][4]

Gammalsvenska	Pattana	Katüflar	Pürkan	Kärpsar	Himmäl	Knjüt	Stövla	Boklezane[lower-alpha 1]	Düllje[lower-alpha 2]
Estonian	Pardid	Kartulid	Porgandid	Kõrvitsad	Taevas	Sõlm	Saapad	Tomatid	Pirn
Swedish	Ankor	Potatisar	Morötter	Pumpor	Himmel	Knut	Stövlar	Tomater	Päron
German	Enten	Kartoffeln	Möhren	Kürbisse	Himmel	Knoten	Stiefel	Tomatoen	Birne
English	Ducks	Potatoes	Carrots	Pumpkins	Sky	Knot	Boots	Tomatoes	Pear

Notes

References

External links

• "Hör hur man talade svenska i Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina - Historien om Gotlands 1900-tal" [Hear how Swedish was spoken in Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine - The story of Gotland's 20th century] (in Swedish). P4 Gotland. February 14, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2021.

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