Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[lower-alpha 1]

Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native to	Norway
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres   Valdres   Hallingdal

Phonology

Consonants

• /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[3] "the bar".[4][lower-alpha 2]
• /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[4]
• The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[6]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.[7] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[8]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[9][10] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].[8]
• The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[11][12][13]
• The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[12]

Vowels

• The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[14][15]
• The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[6][16][17] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[6]
• Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[18]
• The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[18]
• Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].[19]
• The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[6][7]

Grammar

Citations

Notes

References

Literature