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Ongota (also known as Birale, Birayle) is a moribund language of southwest Ethiopia. UNESCO reported in 2012 that out of a total ethnic population of 115, only 12 elderly native speakers remained, the rest of their small village on the west bank of the Weito River having adopted the Tsamai language instead.[1] The default word order is subject–object–verb. The classification of the language is obscure (Sava & Tosco 2015).

Ongota
Birale
/iːfa ʕoŋɡota/
Native toEthiopia
RegionSouthern Omo Zone, Southern Region
Native speakers
12 (2012)[1]
Language family
unclassified
    Language codes
    ISO 639-3bxe
    Glottologbira1253
    ELPOngota
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    History of the people


    Oral history of the Ongota tells that they originated from a number of different populations from Dikinte, Maale and Arbore among others. During a stay in Maale territory, which today lies at their north, the collection of clans were chased south due to their hunting of Maale livestock. They followed the banks of the Weito River until they reached the Arbore, where they were turned away back north and settled where they are today. This account differs from that of the Maale, who claim that the Ongota were originally a part of the Maale who migrated and did not return.[2]


    Classification


    Ongota has features of both Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages that confuse its classification, and linguists and anthropologists have been unable to clearly trace its linguistic roots so far. Savà and Tosco (2007) claim that Ongota's morphology is Ts'amakko and that ~50% of the lexicon can be connected to Ts'amakko roots. They also report that Aklilu Yilma of Addis Ababa University considers Ongota to be a pidginised creole. They state that this "conclusion is strengthened by a local legend stating that Ongota originated from a multiethnic melting pot." They further report that Lionel Bender considers Ongota to be Cushitic, Václav Blažek (1991, 2001, and forth.)[full citation needed] Nilo-Saharan, and Cushiticist Maarten Mous (2003)[full citation needed][3] mentions it as a language isolate. Savà and Tosco (2003, 2007), themselves, believe it to be an East Cushitic language with a Nilo-Saharan substratum—that is, that Ongota speakers shifted to East Cushitic from an earlier Nilo-Saharan language, traces of which still remain. Fleming (2006) considers it to be an independent branch of Afroasiatic. Bonny Sands (2009) believes Savà and Tosco's proposal to be the most convincing proposal. Sava & Tosco (2015) leave it unclassified, possibly an isolate but possibly so affected by superstrate influence that the original affiliation of the language has been obscured.


    Decline


    The main mechanism behind the decline of Ongota is marriage with other communities. In a brief expedition in the early 1990s, a number of researchers made the observation that many Ongota men married Tsamakko women. The child would grow up speaking only the mother's language, but not the father's. (Mikesh, P. et al., 1992–1993) This trend has continued through the recent years.[2]


    See also



    References


    1. Nomination File No. 00493 For Inscription on The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need Of Urgent Safeguarding In 2012.
    2. Sava, Graziano, & Thubauville, Sophia, 2010. “The Ongota : a branch of the Maale? ; ethnographic, historic and linguistic traces of contact of the Ongota people.” In "To live with others: essays on cultural neighborhood in southern Ethiopia", edited by E. Gabbert, & S. Thubauville, (pp. 213‐235). Koln: Koppe.
    3. Savà, Graziano and M. Tosco (2007). Review article of: Harold C. Fleming Ongota: A Decisive Language in African Prehistory. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz: 2006. In: Aethiopica 10 (2007): 223-232.p. 1. - "Ongota is also mentioned as an isolate (see, for example, Mous 2003)" http://www.maurotosco.net/ewExternalFiles/SAVA%26TOSCO_review_FLEMING_Aethiopica_2007.pdf ||| Mous, Maarten (2003). “Loss of linguistic diversity in Africa”. In: Mark Janse – Sijmen Tol (eds.) Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. Benjamins, Amsterdam: 157–170. p. 164. 5. Isolates - "Ongota is an unclassified language with 8 speakers in southwest Ethiopia shifting to a minority Cushitic language, Ts'amakko (Savä, this volume)." http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1&type=pdf&doi=10.1.1.218.5996

    Bibliography





    На других языках


    [de] Ongota (Sprache)

    Ongota (Fremdbezeichnung Birale/Birayle) ist eine sterbende Sprache im südwestlichen Äthiopien. Es ist die traditionelle Sprache der Ongota, die meisten Mitglieder dieses Volkes haben jedoch inzwischen das Ts'amakko angenommen; 2003 wurde das Ongota nur noch von acht Personen gesprochen. Die Klassifikation des Ongota ist ungesichert, nach Harold C. Fleming stellt es einen eigenen Zweig der afroasiatischen Sprachen dar, nach Savà und Tosco 2003 ist es eine ostkuschitische Sprache mit nilo-saharanischem Substrat. Ongota besitzt postglottalisierte sowie pharyngale Konsonanten; die Morphologie ist offenbar hauptsächlich agglutinierend. Verben werden durch präfigierte Pronomina konjugiert: (kaata) ka-c'ak „ich aß/esse/werde essen“ (wörtlich: „(Ich) ich-essen“), Aspekte oder Tempora können synthetisch durch die Lage des Tons oder analytisch gebildet werden. Substantive kennen mehrere durch Suffixe ausgedrückte Kasus.
    - [en] Ongota language

    [es] Idioma ongota

    El ongota, birale o birayle es una lengua moribunda hablada en el sudoeste de Etiopía. En el año 2000, se confirmó su estado de declive, teniendo sólo ocho hablantes maternos ya mayores. La mayoría de los hablantes han adoptado la lengua ts'amakko en su lugar. [cita requerida]

    [fr] Ongota

    L’ongota (aussi connue sous le nom de birale ou birayle) est une langue quasiment disparue, historiquement parlée au sud-est de l'Éthiopie. En l'an 2000, on ne comptait plus que 8 individus dont l'ongota était la langue maternelle : la plupart de ses locuteurs ont préféré choisir de parler la langue tsamai (en) (ou ts'amakko).

    [ru] Онгота (язык)

    Язык онгота (самоназвание) или бира(й)ле (экзоним) — исчезающий язык на юго-западе Эфиопии. Был распространён среди народа онгота, который к началу XXI века в основном перешёл на язык цамакко. По состоянию на 2008 г. в Эфиопии насчитывалось всего 6 носителей данного языка.[1]



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