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Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan. It is divided into two dialects, Northeastern Karakalpak and Southeastern Karakalpak. It developed alongside Uzbek and neighboring Kazakh languages, being markedly influenced by both. Typologically, Karakalpak belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, thus being closely related to and highly mutually intelligible with Kazakh.[2]

Karakalpak
Qaraqalpaq tili, Қарақалпақ тили, قاراقالپاق تىلى
Karakalpak in Latin, Arabic Nastaliq, and Cyrillic scripts.
Native to	Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
Region	Karakalpakstan
Ethnicity	Karakalpaks
Native speakers	583,410 (2010)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Nogai Karakalpak
Writing system	Latin and Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kaa
ISO 639-3	kaa
Glottolog	kara1467
Map showing locations of Karakalpak (red) within Uzbekistan
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classification

Karakalpak is a member of the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which includes Kazakh, Bashkir, Tatar, Kumyk, Karachay, Nogai and Kyrgyz. Due to its proximity to Uzbek, much of Karakalpak's vocabulary and grammar has been influenced by Uzbek. Like the vast majority of Turkic languages, Karakalpak has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb.

Geographic distribution

Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan. Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan and smaller diaspora in parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak.

Official status

Karakalpak has official status in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic.

Dialects

Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southwestern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley. The Southwestern dialect has /tʃ/ for the Northeastern /ʃ/.

Phonology

Karakalpak has 21 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.

Consonants

	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal	m		n				ŋ
Plosive	p	b	t	d			k	ɡ	q
Affricate			(t͡s)		(t͡ʃ)
Fricative	(f)	(v)	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	x	ɣ			h
Rhotic			r
Approximant			l		j		w

Vowels

	Front		Back
	spread	rounded	spread	rounded
Close	i	y	ɯ	u
Mid	e	œ		o
Open	æ		a

Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does^{[clarification needed]} in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:^{[What are the rules for Karakalpak words?]}

Vowel	May be followed by:
a	a, ɯ
æ	e, i
e	e, i
i	e, i
o	a, o, u, ɯ
œ	e, i, œ, y
u	a, o, u
y	e, œ, y
ɯ	a, ɯ

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

	Singular	Plural
1st person	men 'I'	biz 'we'
2nd person	sen 'you'	siz 'you (pl.)'
3rd person	ol 'he/she/it'	olar 'they'

Numbers

1. bir 1
2. eki 2
3. úsh 3
4. tórt 4
5. bes 5
6. altı 6
7. jeti 7
8. segiz 8
9. toǵız 9
10. on 10

• júz 100
• mıń 1000

Writing system

Karakalpak was written in the Arabic and Persian script until 1928, in the Latin script (with additional characters) from 1928 to 1940, after which Cyrillic was introduced. Following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent, its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual.

The Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks. The last changes to the new Karakalpak alphabet were made in 2016: instead of letters with apostrophes, letters with acutes were introduced.[3] Therefore, the new Karakalpak alphabet will act in the same way the new Kazakh and Uzbek alphabets represent – that is, with acutes.

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA	Cyrillic	Latin	IPA	Cyrillic	Latin	IPA
Аа	Aa	/a/	Ққ	Qq	/q/	Фф	Ff	/f/
Әә	Áá	/æ/	Лл	Ll	/l/	Хх	Xx	/x/
Бб	Bb	/b/	Мм	Mm	/m/	Ҳҳ	Hh	/h/
Вв	Vv	/v/	Нн	Nn	/n/	Цц	Cc	/ts/
Гг	Gg	/ɡ/	Ңң	Ńń	/ŋ/	Чч	Ch;ch	/tʃ/
Ғғ	Ǵǵ	/ɣ/	Оо	Oo	/o/	Шш	Sh;sh	/ʃ/
Дд	Dd	/d/	Өө	Óó	/œ/	Щщ*	sch	/ʃtʃ/
Ее	Ee	/e/	Пп	Pp	/p/	Ъъ*
Ёё*	yo	/jo/	Рр	Rr	/r/	Ыы	Íı	/ɯ/
Жж	Jj	/ʒ/	Сс	Ss	/s/	Ьь*
Зз	Zz	/z/	Тт	Tt	/t/	Ээ	Ee	/e/
Ии	Ii	/i/	Уу	Uu	/u/	Юю*	yu	/ju/
Йй	Yy	/j/	Үү	Úú	/y/	Яя	ya	/ja/
Кк	Kk	/k/	Ўў	Ww	/w/

Before 2009, C was written as TS; I and Í were written as dotted and dotless I.[4]

Poets

• Ájiniyaz

See also

References

Bibliography

На других языках

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[de] Karakalpakische Sprache

Die karakalpakische Sprache (karakalp. Qaraqalpaq tili, Qaraqalpaqsha) ist eine Turksprache und gehört zur Untergruppe der kiptschakischen (nordwesttürkischen) Sprachen.[2] Diese Sprache ist eng mit dem Kasachischen[3] und mit dem Nogaischen verwandt. Zusammen bilden sie eine gemeinsame Untergruppe innerhalb der Turksprachen.

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- [en] Karakalpak language

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[es] Idioma karakalpako

El idioma karakalpako[2] es una lengua túrquica hablada principalmente por los karakalpakos en Karakalpakistán (Uzbekistán), así como por algunos baskires y los nogayos.[cita requerida] Los karakalpakos que viven en las viloyatlar de Uzbekistán tienden a hablar dialectos uzbekos.

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[fr] Karakalpak

Le karakalpak est une langue appartenant à la famille des langues turques parlée dans le nord de l’Ouzbékistan (Karakalpakistan, au sud de la mer d'Aral), par le peuple du même nom, très apparenté aux Kazakhs.

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[it] Lingua karakalpaka

La lingua karakalpaka[1] o caracalpaca è una lingua turca parlata in Uzbekistan, nella repubblica autonoma del Karakalpakstan.

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[ru] Каракалпакский язык

Каракалпа́кский язы́к (Qaraqalpaq tili/Қарақалпақ тили) — язык каракалпаков, один из языков тюркской семьи.

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