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The Munji language (Persian: مونجی), also known as Munjani (مونجانی), Munjhan (مونجهان), and the Munjiwar language,[3] is a Pamir language spoken in Munjan valley in Badakhshan Province in northeast Afghanistan. It is similar to the Yidgha language, which is spoken in the Upper Lotkoh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chashma in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[4]

For the Sino-Tibetan language, see Mondzi language.
Munji
مونجى
Native toBadakhshan Province, Afghanistan
EthnicityMunji
Native speakers
5,300 (2008)[1]
Language family
Writing system
Perso-Arabic script[2][circular reference]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mnj
Glottologmunj1244
ELPMunji
Linguasphere58-ABD-ba

Historically, Munji displays the closest possible linguistic affinity with the now-extinct Bactrian language.[5]

The Garam Chashma area became important during the Soviet–Afghan War. During the invasion, the Soviets were unable to stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the Dorah Pass that separates Chitral, in Pakistan, from Badakshan in Afghanistan. The two dialects spoken in the area of Mamalgha Valley and the area of Munjan Valley differed, being the northern and southern dialects. The language has moved to parts of Chitral, after the War in Afghanistan forced the Munji-speaking people to flee to safer areas.[6]

Despite Dari being the predominant language of the region, attitudes towards Munji are highly positive, and among speakers, few predict a decline in use.[7]


Phonology


Munji Consonants[8]
Labial Dental/

Alveolar

 Post-alv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Stop voiceless p t ʈ c k q
voiced b d ɖ ɟ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ t͡ʂ
voiced d͡z d͡ʒ d͡ʐ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ʂ ç x χ h
voiced v z ʒ ʐ ʝ
Approximant l j w
Tap/Trill r ɽ
Munji Vowels
Front Central Back
Close iː u
Near-close ʊ
Mid eː ə ɔ̜ː
Open a ɐ ɑː

Orthography


Zabanha is one of the major language revival organisations of northern Afghanistan and has created an alphabet for Munji.[9]

LetterRomanizationIPA
آo/ɔ/
اa/ə/
أā/a/
بb/b/, /p̚/
پp/p/, /pʰ/
تt/t/, /tʰ/
ث(s)/s/
جǰ/d͡ʒ/, /ɖ͡ʐ
چč/t͡ʃ/, /ʈ͡ʂ
ح(h)/ɦ/
خx/x/
څc, ẓ/t͡s/, /d͡z/
دd/d/, /d̚/
ذ(z)/z/
رr/r/, /ɻ/
زz/z/
ژž/ʒ/, /ʐ/
سs/s/
شš/ʃ/, ʂ
ښx́/ç/
ص(s)/s/
ض(z)/z/
ط(t)/t/
ظ(z)/z/
عʿ/ʔ/
غǧ/ɣ/
فf/f/
ڤv/v/
قq/q/
کk/k/, /kʰ/
ݢḱ/cʲ/, /c͡ç/
گg/g/, /ɡ̚/
ڱǵ/ɟʲ/, /ɟ͡ʝ/
لl/l/
مm/m/
نn/n/
وw, ū/w/, /u/
ؤū/u/
هh, ʿ/h/, /ʔ/
ۍy, ʿ/j/, /ʔ/
يī/i/
ېe/ɛ/
یy/j/

References


  1. Munji at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. fa:زبان مونجی
  3. "Did you know Munji is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  4. Risley, H.H.; E.A. Gait (1903). Report on the Census of India, 1901. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 294. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
  5. Waghmar, Burzine K. (2001) 'Bactrian History and Language: An Overview.' Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 64. pp. 40-48.
  6. Decker, Kendell D. (1992). Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 50.
  7. Daniela Beyer; Simone Beck (2011). "A linguistics assessment of the Munji language in Afghanistan". Language Documentation and Conservation. 6: 38–103.
  8. Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel; Wright, Richard (2012). "Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size". Language. 88 (4): 877–893. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0087. ISSN 1535-0665.
  9. "Munji | Zabanha".

Further reading



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На других языках

[de] Munji (Sprache)

Die Munji-Sprache, auch bekannt als Munjani, Munjhan und Munjiwar, ist eine iranische Sprache,[1] die im Munjan-Tal in der Provinz Badakhshan im Nordosten Afghanistans gesprochen wird. Es ähnelt der Yidgha-Sprache, die im oberen Lotkoh-Tal von Chitral westlich von Garam Chashma in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), gesprochen wird.[2] Historisch gesehen zeigt Munji die engstmögliche sprachliche Affinität zur heute ausgestorbenen baktrischen Sprache. Obwohl Dari-Persisch die vorherrschende Sprache der Region ist, ist die Einstellung zu Munji sehr positiv, und unter den Sprechern sagen nur wenige einen Rückgang des Gebrauchs voraus.
- [en] Munji language

[ru] Мунджанский язык

Мунджа́нский язык, также известен как мунджи́, мунджани́, мунджива́р — язык малочисленного народа мунджанцев (ближайший родственник народа йидга). Является одним из памирских языков, и наиболее близок к языку йидга (от 56 до 80 % совпадений), из-за чего эти два языка большинство лингвистов называют «йидга-мунджанским языком». Считается, что язык йидга и мунджанский являются продолжением древнего, ныне мертвого бактрийского языка.


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