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Ḥarsūsī (Arabic: لغة حرسوسية) or Ḥersīyet[3] (pronunciation in Harsusi: [ħʌrsiːjət][4]) is a Semitic language of Oman, spoken by the Harasis people. It is classified as a moribund language,[5] with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.[6]

Harsusi
Harsiyyet
Pronunciation	[ħʌrsiːjət][1]
Native to	Oman
Region	Jiddat al-Harasis, Dhofar Province
Native speakers	600 (2011)[2]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic South Semitic Modern South Arabian Harsusi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	hss
Glottolog	hars1241
ELP	Ḥarsusi

General information

Harsusi first came to the attention of outside scholars in 1937, when it was mentioned by Bertram Thomas in his book Four Strange Tongues of South Arabia.[5] While certain scholars have claimed that Harsusi is a dialect of the more widely spoken Mehri language,[7] most maintain that they are mutually intelligible but separate languages.[6] Harsusi, like all the Modern South Arabian languages, is unwritten,[5] though there have been recent efforts to create a written form using an Arabic-based script.[8]

Because the Harasis people were for centuries the only human inhabitants of Jiddat al-Harasis, the language developed in relative isolation.[9] However, as most Harasis children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.[5] Though the discovery of oil in the area and the conservation project for the re-introduced oryx herd have provided many job opportunities for Harsusi men,[6] these factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"[10] though this has not yet materialized.

UNESCO has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".[11]

Phonology

Consonants

Harsusi consonants

		Labial	Dental		Lateral	Post- alveolar	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
			central	sibilant
Nasal		m				n
Plosive	voiceless		t				k		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
	glottalized		tʼ				kʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	ħ	h
	voiced		ð	z	ɮ		ɣ	(ʕ)
	glottalized		ðʼ	sʼ		ʃʼ
Rhotic			r
Semivowel					l	j	w

The pharyngeal consonant /ʕ/ only exists possibly because of the influence of Omani Arabic.

Vowels

Harsusi vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː	ə	o oː
Open	a aː

In prominent open syllables or after a guttural (such as /h/, /ħ/, /x/ and /ɣ/), /ə/ is realized as /ʌ/. After a glottalized or lateral fricative consonant, /ə/ is realized as /ä/.[4]

Diphthongs may be realized as ay /æj/ and aw /ɑw/.

References

Further reading

Chatty, Dawn (2001). "Adapting to Multinational Oil Exploration: The Mobile Pastoralists of Oman". Differenz und Integration. 1 (2): 1–19.

Johnstone, Thomas M. (1977). Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list. London: Oxford University Press.

Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude (1997). "The Modern South Arabian Languages" (PDF). The Semitic Languages: 378–423.

Stroomer, Harry (2004). Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447050977.

Thomas, Bertram (1937). Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group. H. Milford.

External links

• Ethnologue
• ELAR archive of Harsusi language documentation materials

На других языках

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- [en] Ḥarsusi language

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[fr] Harsusi

Le harsusi, aussi connu en tant que harsūsī, harsiyyet, hersyet ou encore harsi `aforit, est une langue sémitique parlée à Oman. Les locuteurs habitent en majorité le désert de Jiddat al-Harasis situé au centre du pays. Il est relativement proche du mehri, parlé plus au sud.

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[ru] Харсуси

Харсуси (самоназвание: [ħʌrsiːjət][2]) — один из современных южноаравийских языков, распространённый в некоторых районах оманской провинции Дофар.

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