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Âṣkuňu (Saňu-vīri) is a language of Afghanistan spoken by the Ashkun people – also known as the Âṣkun, Ashkun, Askina, Saňu, Sainu, Yeshkun, Wamas, or Grâmsaňâ – from the region of the central Pech Valley around Wâmâ and in some eastern tributary valleys of the upper Alingar River in Afghanistan's Nuristan Province. Other major places where the language of Ashkun is spoken are Nuristan Province, Pech Valley in Wama District, eastern side of the Lower Alingar Valley in Nurgaram and Duab districts, Malil wa Mushfa, Titin, Kolatan and Bajagal valleys.

Askuňu
Saňu-vīri
Native to	Afghanistan
Region	Nuristan Province
Native speakers	40,000 (2011)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Nuristani Southern Askuňu
Writing system	Arabic script, Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ask
Glottolog	ashk1246
ELP	Ashkun
Linguasphere	58-ACA-a

It is classified as a member of the Nuristani sub-family of the Indo-Iranian languages.

Demographics

Current status: There are currently about 40,000 ethnic people who speak this language. None of the mentioned people are monolinguals. Illiteracy rate among this group of people is around 5%-15%.

Location: Part of Nuristan and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India

Dialects/Varieties: Ashuruviri (Kolata, Titin Bajaygul), Gramsukraviri, Suruviri (Wamai). Not intelligible with the other Nuristani languages.

Dialects

Âṣkuňu is spoken in several dialects in southwestern Nuristan. The main body of the Âṣkuňu tribe inhabits the Askugal (Kolata, Majegal) Valley, which drains southwestward into the Alingar River. These people speak a dialect which differs from that of their neighbors in the Titin Valley to the south (cf. Morgenstierne 1929). The inhabitants of the Bajaygol Valley further up the Alingar are reported to speak a third dialect. Across a mountain ridge to the east of the Âṣkuňu two tribal groups, each with its own dialect, center on the villages of (Wama) and Gramsaragram (Acanu) off the Pec River.[2] Other dialects in which this language is spoken in are Ashuruveri, Gramsukraviri, Kolata, Suruviri, Titin Bajaygul, and Wamai.

Orthography

The Ashkun language is strictly passed on orally and has no written resources that can be traced.

Vocabulary

Pronouns

Person		Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st	sg.	āi	iũ	imā
	pl.	ima		imbā
2nd	sg.	tu	to	toā
	pl.	vi	iã	iāmbā

Numbers

1. āc̣
2. du
3. tra
4. ćātā
5. põć
6. ṣo
7. sot
8. oṣṭ
9. no
10. dos

Words

Hello is “Salam” How are you is “Kaigases”

Notes

Literature

• Ashkun. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2016, from https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ask=
• Cardona, G. (2014). Indo-Iranian languages. Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Grierson, G. A. (1927). Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. By Georg Morgenstierne. Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co.(W. Nygaard). 10× 6, 98 pp. and 3 maps. Price 2s. 9d. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 59(02), 368–375.
• Grierson, G. A. (1927). [Review of Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (2), 368–375. JSTOR 25221151
• Klimburg, M. (1999). The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush: art and society of the Waigal and Ashkun Kafirs (Vol. 1). Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Morgenstierne, G. (1929). The language of the Ashkun Kafirs. Aschehoug.
• Turner, R. L. (1932). The Language of the Ashkun Kafirs. By G. Morgenstierne. Extract from Norsk Tidsshrift for Sprogvidenskap, Bind ii, 1929. pp. 192–289. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 64(01), 173–175.
• Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M.. (1965). Languages of the World: Indo-European Fascicle One. Anthropological Linguistics, 7(8), 1–294. JSTOR 30022511
• Where on earth do they speak Ashkun? (2015, November 15). Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/Ashkun.html

External links

• Endangered Languages profile for Askunu
• Strand, Richard F. (1997–2021). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (1998). "The âṣkuňu, saňu, and gřâmsaňâ". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2008). "Saňu-vi:ri Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2011). "The Sound System of Saňu-vi:ri". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2010). "Nurestâni Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2012-01-16.

На других языках

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[de] Ashkun (Sprache)

Ashkun oder Ashkunu (اشکونو) ist eine Nuristani-Sprache, die von etwa 40.000 Menschen gesprochen wird,[1][2] die meist in der afghanischen Provinz Nuristan leben. Die Sprache wird am Fluss Pech im Distrikt Wama gesprochen.[1] Als Nuristani-Sprache gehört Ashkun innerhalb der indoiranischen Sprachen weder zum iranischen noch zum indoarischen Zweig und ist am nächsten mit Waigali verwandt.[3][4] Aufgrund der geringen Sprecherzahl und der hohen Analphabetenrate gibt es keine Schriftsprache.

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- [en] Askunu language

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[es] Idioma askunu

Âṣkuňu (Saňu-vīri) es un idioma de Afganistán hablado por el pueblo Ashkun - también conocido como Âṣkun, Ashkun, Askina, Saňu, Sainu, Yeshkun, Wamas o Grâmsaňâ - de la región del centro Valle de Pech alrededor de Wâmâ y en algunos valles tributarios del este de la parte superior del río Alingar en la Provincia de Nuristan de Afganistán. Otros lugares importantes donde se habla el idioma Ashkun son la provincia de Nuristan, el valle de Pech en el distrito de Wama, el lado este del valle del Bajo Alingar en los distritos de Nurgaram y Duab, los valles de Malil wa Mushfa, Titin, Kolatan y Bajagal.

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[fr] Ashkun

L'ashkun est une langue indo-iranienne du groupe des langues nouristanies, parlée en Afghanistan, dans le Nouristan, dans les provinces de Kounar et de Lagman[2].

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[it] Lingua ashkun

L'ashkun è una lingua appartenente alla famiglia linguistica delle lingue indoiraniche (ramo nuristani), parlata in Afghanistan, nelle province del Nurestan e di Konar[2] dalle tribù Âṣkuňu, Saňu e Grâmsaňâ. Il primo nome con cui vennero riconosciute queste tribù fu Ashkun, con cui vennero segnalate da George Scott Robertson nel 1896.

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[ru] Ашкун

Ашку́н (ашкуну) — один из нуристанских языков Афганистана. На нем говорят племена ашкуну, сану и грамсана, живущие к северо-западу от Асадабада в провинции Кунар. Число говорящих — около 40000 человек. Относится к нуристанской группе индоиранской ветви индоевропейских языков.

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