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The Black Speech is one of the fictional languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien for his legendarium, where it was spoken in the evil realm of Mordor. In the fiction, Tolkien describes the language as being created by Sauron as a constructed language to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor, thereby replacing (with little success) the many different varieties of Orkish, Westron, and other languages used by his servants. Tolkien describes the language as having two forms, the ancient "pure" forms used by Sauron himself, the Nazgûl, and the Olog-hai, and the more "debased" form used by the soldiery of Barad-dûr at the end of the Third Age.

Black Speech
Created by	J. R. R. Tolkien
Date	c. 1945–1973
Setting and usage	Mordor in Middle-earth
Users	None
Purpose	Constructed language Artistic language Black Speech
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None

Little is known of the Black Speech except the inscription on the One Ring. Scholars note that this is constructed to be plausible linguistically, and to sound rough and harsh. Some similarities with the ancient Hurrian language, which like the Black Speech was agglutinative, have been described.

Tolkien

Objective

The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in The Lord of the Rings. Unlike his extensive work on the Elvish languages, Tolkien did not write songs or poems in the Black Speech, apart from the One Ring inscription. He stated that:[1]

The Black Speech was not intentionally modelled on any style, but was meant to be self consistent, very different from Elvish, yet organized and expressive, as would be expected of a device of Sauron before his complete corruption. It was evidently an agglutinative language. ... I have tried to play fair linguistically, and it is meant to have a meaning not be a mere casual group of nasty noises, though an accurate transcription would even nowadays only be printable in the higher and artistically more advanced form of literature. According to my taste such things are best left to Orcs, ancient and modern.

Tolkien's attitude to the Black Speech may be discerned in one of his letters. From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out of the goblet, and used it only as an ashtray.[2]

Fictional history of the language

The linguist and Tolkien scholar Carl F. Hostetter wrote that the Dark Lord Sauron created the Black Speech "in a perverse antiparallel of Aulë's creation of Khuzdul for the Dwarves".[3] Sauron attempted to impose Black Speech as the official language of the lands he dominated and all his servants, but in this he was only partially successful.[3][4] Black Speech influenced the Orcs' vocabulary, but soon mutated into many Orkish dialects, which were not mutually intelligible. By the end of the Third Age, Orcs mostly communicated using a debased Westron. Tolkien described one Orc's utterances as being in "the Common Speech, which he made almost as hideous as his own tongue".[5]

The language was used "only in Mordor", Tolkien stated, and it was "never used willingly by any other people"; for this reason, "even the names of places in Mordor are in English", representing Westron.[6]

The One Ring inscription

The only text of "pure" Black Speech is the inscription upon the One Ring. It is written in the Elvish Tengwar script, with flourishes:[7]

Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
(Pronunciation)

Translated into English:

One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.

The couplet is from the Rhyme of the Rings, a verse describing the Rings of Power. This corresponds to the following table as explained by Tolkien.[1]

Black Speech	English
ash	one
nazg	(finger-)ring
durb-	constrain, force, dominate
-at	verb ending, like a participle
-ulûk	verbal ending expressing object 3rd person pl. "them" (ul) (sic) in completive or total form "them-all".
gimb-	seek out, discover
-ul	them
thrak-	bring by force, hale, drag
burzum	darkness
ishi	in, inside (placed after noun usually in Black Speech).
krimp-	bind, tie

Sound and meaning

The Black Speech was by Tolkien's real intention, and Sauron's fictional one also, a harshly guttural language "with such sounds as sh, gh, zg; indeed," wrote Hostetter, "establishing this effect, as well as the bits of grammar needed to lend the Ring-inscription linguistic verisimilitude, seems to have been about the extent of Tolkien's work on this language."[3]

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey wrote that the word durbatulûk encompasses a whole phrase, "to rule them all", illustrating Tolkien's view expressed in his 1931 essay "A Secret Vice" that sound and meaning went together;[8] Shippey commented that

certainly, the harsh vowels and jagged consonants and consonant clusters lend themselves to rough and rasping pronunciation, a fitting evocation of the voices of Orcs.[8]

Other examples

A few Black Speech words are given in Appendix F of The Return of the King. These include Lugbúrz, meaning "Dark Tower" (Barad-dûr), snaga, "slave", and ghâsh, "fire". The name Nazgûl is a combination of "nazg" meaning "ring" and "gûl" meaning "wraith(s)", hence "ringwraith".[9]

The only known sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish is in The Two Towers, where a "yellow-fanged" Mordor Orc curses the Isengard Uruk Uglúk:[10]

Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!

In The Peoples of Middle-earth, Christopher Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great Saruman-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the journal Vinyar Tengwar, it is translated: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"[10]

In film and music

For Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the linguist David Salo used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:[11][12]

Gû kîbum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha gûm-ishi ashi gurum.

("No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death.")

The word burzum-ishi ('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending –um. The word ashi, meaning 'only', is taken from ash ('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by Salo.[11]

The name of the Norwegian black metal band Burzum is similarly taken from the Ring Verse.[13]

Analysis

Comparison with Elvish languages

The Swedish linguist Nils-Lennart Johannesson compared the Black Speech with Tolkien's two major Elvish languages, Quenya and Sindarin in terms of phonology and syllable structure. He found that there were more sonorant sounds and more open syllables in Elvish than in either English or Black Speech. He stated that these consistent differences were "sufficiently prominent" to make Elvish sound "pleasant and harmonious", whereas Black Speech sounded "harsh and strident".[14]

M. G. Meile, labelling the Black Speech as "Sauron's Newspeak" by analogy with George Orwell's dystopian language, noted that it was "doubly artificial": where the Elvish languages were his invention, the Black Speech was also supposedly an invention in his invented Middle-earth, since it had been created by the Dark Lord Sauron as an "evil Esperanto" for his slaves. He stated that as the only language of this type in Middle-earth, this made the Black Speech more important than it would appear from the few words Tolkien defined for it. Further, Tolkien wrote that it was made in mockery of Quenya, in other words that it was an evil language shadowing "the linguistic embodiment of good", and indeed, Meile wrote, it had many correspondences with Quenya. For instance, the word for Orcs, the monsters made in mockery of the Elves, is Quenya "urco, orco", which becomes Black Speech "Uruk".[15]

The linguist Joanna Podhorodecka examines the lámatyáve, a Quenya term for "phonetic fitness", of Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in terms of Ivan Fonágy's theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to [his] personal aesthetic". She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of vowels and consonants. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features, the sound /iː/ (like the "i" in "machine") is much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while the sound /u/ (like the "u" in "brute") is much more common. She comments that in aggressive speech, consonants become longer and vowels shorter, so Black Speech sounds harsher. Further, Black Speech contains far more voiced plosives (/b, d, g/) than Elvish, making the sound of the language more violent. Podhorodecka concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "aesthetic and axiological aspects of his mythology".[16]

Parallels to natural languages

The Russian historian Alexandre Nemirovski claimed a strong similarity to the extinct Hurrian language of northern Mesopotamia,[9] which had recently been partially deciphered at the time of the writing of The Lord of the Rings, E. A. Speiser's Introduction to Hurrian appearing in 1941.[17][18] Fauskanger corresponded with Nemirovski, and notes that Nemirovski argued that Tolkien designed Black Speech "after some acquaintance with Hurrian-Urartian language(s)."[9] The evidence that Nemirovski presented for this is entirely linguistic, based on similarities of the elements of the agglutinative forms of Black Speech; Hurrian was similarly agglutinative.[9]

Some of Nemirovski's perceived similarities between Black Speech and Hurrian[9]

Black Speech	English	Hurrian	Meaning (possible interpretation?)
durb-	to rule	turob-	something predestined to occur (an evil destiny?)
-ûk	completely	-ok-	"fully, really"
gimb-	to find	-ki(b)	to take, to gather
burz-	dark	wur-, wurikk-	to see, to be blind (in the dark?)
krimp-	to tie	ker-imbu-	to make longer fully (if of a rope, to tie tightly?)

Tolkien stated that when coining the Black Speech word nazg, he might have been influenced by the Irish Gaelic word for "ring", nasc (Scottish nasg).[1] He denied that nazg had any connection to Old English.[19]

See also

• Fictional languages
• Constructed languages

References

Sources

• Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-31555-2
• Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2005). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1.

External links

• Orkish and the Black Speech - base language for base purposes
• Black Speech analysis by Craig Daniel

На других языках

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- [en] Black Speech

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[es] Lengua negra

La lengua negra es una lengua ficticia hablada en Mordor en El Señor de los Anillos y otras obras de J. R. R. Tolkien. Es una lengua artificial creada por Sauron para los servidores de Mordor, en reemplazo de las varias lenguas de los orcos, entre otras. La lengua negra estaría basada en el valarin, puesto que Melkor y sus seguidores maiar no poseían la Llama Imperecedera, pero podían corromper cosas para que les sirvieran. Es posible que esté basado también en el quenya. Tolkien describe dos formas de este lenguaje: la forma antigua «pura», utilizada por el mismo Sauron, los Nazgûl y los olog-hai, y otra forma «degradada» usada por los soldados de Barad-dûr hacia el fin de la Tercera Edad. De acuerdo a la narración de Tolkien, muchos dialectos de los orcos adoptaron palabras de esta lengua.

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[fr] Noir parler

Le noir parler, parler noir ou langue noire[Note 1] (en anglais Black Speech) est l'une des langues construites conçues par l'écrivain et philologue J. R. R. Tolkien dans le cadre des récits de la Terre du Milieu.

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[it] Linguaggio nero

Il linguaggio nero è una lingua artificiale di Arda, l'universo immaginario fantasy creato dallo scrittore inglese J. R. R. Tolkien.

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[ru] Чёрное наречие

Чёрное наре́чие (англ. Black Speech) — искусственный язык, разработанный Дж. Р. Р. Толкином. В легендариуме представляет собой искусственный язык, созданный Сауроном для своих слуг и заменивший многочисленные диалекты орков. Толкин упоминал о двух формах языка: древней, используемой самим Сауроном, назгулами и олог-хай, и более упрощённой, на которой говорили в армии Барад-Дура в конце Третьей Эпохи.

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