lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Adûnaic (or Adunaic) ("language of the West") is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for his fantasy works.

Adûnaic
Created by	J. R. R. Tolkien
Setting and usage	Fantasy world of Middle-earth
Purpose	constructed languages artistic languages fictional languages languages of Arda Adûnaic
Sources	a priori language, but related to other languages of Arda
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None
IETF	art-x-adunaic

One of the languages of Arda in Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, Adûnaic was spoken by the Men of Númenor during the Second Age.

Fictional history

Adûnaic was the language of Númenor,[1] and after its destruction in the Akallabêth, the "native speech" of the people of Elendil in the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in the west of Middle-earth, though they usually spoke Sindarin. By the time of the War of the Ring, it had developed into the common speech or Westron.[2] Tolkien called Adûnaic "the language of the culturally and politically influential Númenóreans."[3]

Concept and creation

Although Tolkien created very few original words in Adûnaic, mostly names, the language serves his concept as the ancestor of a lingua franca for Middle-earth, Westron, a shared language for many different peoples.[3]

Tolkien devised Adûnaic (or Númenórean), the language spoken in Númenor, shortly after World War II, and thus at about the time he completed The Lord of the Rings, but before he wrote the linguistic background information of the Appendices. Adûnaic is intended as the language from which Westron (also called Adûni) is derived. This added a depth of historical development to the Mannish languages. Adûnaic was intended to have a "faintly Semitic flavour".[4] Its development began with his 1945 work The Notion Club Papers. It is there that the most extensive sample of the language is found, revealed to one of the (modern-day) protagonists, Lowdham, in a visionary dream of Atlantis. Its grammar is sketched in the unfinished "Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language", included in Sauron Defeated.[4]

Tolkien remained undecided whether the language of the Men of Númenor should be derived from the original Mannish language (as in Adûnaic), or if it should be derived from "the Elvish Noldorin" (i.e. Quenya) instead.[5] In The Lost Road and Other Writings it is implied that the Númenóreans spoke Quenya, and that Sauron, hating all things Elvish, taught the Númenóreans the old Mannish tongue they themselves had forgotten.[6]

Phonology

The phonology is as follows:[4]

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Occlusive	p b		t d			k ɡ	ʔ
Fricative	f v	θ	s z	ʃ		x ɣ	h
Affricate	p͡f	t͡θ		t͡ʃ d͡ʒ		k͡x
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Trill			r
Approximant			l		j	w

	Front	Back
Close	i iː	u uː
Close-mid	eː1	oː1
Open	a aː

¹Adûnaic is fundamentally a three-vowel language, with a length distinction; the long eː and oː are derived from diphthongs aj and aw, as is the case in Hebrew and in most Arabic dialects, in line with the Semitic flavour that Tolkien intended for both Adûnaic and Khuzdul, which influenced it.

Grammar

Most information about Adûnaic grammar comes from an incomplete typescript Lowdham's Report on the Adûnaic Language, written by Tolkien to accompany The Notion Club Papers.[4] The report discusses phonology and morphological processes in some detail, and starts to discuss nouns, but breaks off before saying much about verbs, other parts of speech or the grammar as a whole. It appears that Tolkien abandoned work on the language after writing this portion of the Report, and never returned to it.[4]

Nouns

Most nouns are triconsonantal, but there are a number of biconsonantal nouns as well. Nouns can be divided into three declensions, called Strong I, Strong II and Weak. The two strong declensions form their various cases by modifying the last vowel, similarly to English man/men. The weak declension forms its cases by appending a suffix.[4]^{: 413–440}

There are three numbers, singular, plural and dual. Dual is used mainly for "natural pairs", like eyes and shoes. There are three cases, Normal, Subjective and Objective. The Subjective case is used as the subject of a verb. The Objective case is used only in compound expressions and appears only in the singular. The Normal case is used in all other circumstances, such as the object of a verb.[4]

Example declensions:

	Strong I	Strong II	Weak
Meaning	house	sea	strength
Singular Normal	zadan	azra	abār
Singular Subjective	zadān	azrā	abārā
Singular Objective	zadun	azru	abāru
Dual Normal	zadnat	azrāt, azrat	abārat
Dual Subjective	zadnāt	azrāt	abārāt
Plural Normal	zadīn	azrī	abārī
Plural Subjective	zadīna	azrīya	abārīya

Sample Text

This Adûnaic text, part of the tale of the Fall of Numenor, appears in The Notion Club Papers. It is fragmentary because it appeared in a dream to the character Lowdham, and is only partially translated by him because he did not know the language. Words in bold are not translated at the point in the text where the translation is first given, but their translation is given later in the story.[4]

References

External links

• "Adûnaic – the vernacular of Númenor". Ardalambion. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
• Andreas Moehn – Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar
• Thorsten Renk's Ni-bitha Adûnâyê
• Adûnaic from Almavarno in Italian

На других языках

---

- [en] Adûnaic

---

[es] Adunaico

El adunaico, también escrito adûnaico (castellanizaciones de adûnaic o adûnaikh, «idioma del Oeste»), es una lengua artificial que J. R. R. Tolkien ideó para los habitantes de la isla de Númenor, ubicada al oeste de la Tierra Media, el mundo en que se ambientan la mayoría de sus relatos. Cuando los númenoreanos fundaron colonias comerciales y fortalezas en la Tierra Media y con el tiempo, su lengua evolucionó y se mezcló con idiomas locales, pasando a ser llamada adûni «occidental» (oestron es una traducción ficticia al castellano) o Lengua Común. Su léxico contenía muchos préstamos de las lenguas élficas, pero su gramática se asemejaba más a la del khuzdul, la lengua de los Enanos. Aunque Tolkien escribió solo unas pocas frases y palabras sueltas en adunaico, desarrolló ampliamente su gramática en El informe Lowdham, parte de la obra Los papeles del Notion Club, publicado después de su muerte por su hijo Christopher.

---

[fr] Adûnaic

L'adûnaic[Note 1] (parfois aussi écrit adunaic sans accent) est une langue construite imaginée par l'écrivain et philologue J. R. R. Tolkien. Dans l'univers de fiction dans lequel se déroulent les récits de la Terre du Milieu, l'adûnaic (« Langue de l'Ouest ») est la langue des Hommes de Númenor pendant le Second Âge. Elle est à l'origine du parler commun utilisé comme langue véhiculaire par la plupart des peuples de la Terre du Milieu au Troisième Âge.

---

[it] Adûnaico

L'adûnaico (lingua dell'ovest) è una delle lingue dell'universo immaginario di Arda creato da J. R. R. Tolkien. Essa era la lingua parlata dagli uomini di Númenor nel corso della Seconda Era.

---

[ru] Адунайский язык

Адунайский язык или Адунаик (англ. Adûnaic) — вымышленный язык, разработанный Дж. Р. Р. Толкином. В легендариуме представляет собой язык дунэдайн Нуменора. Первый полноценный язык эдайн. Сложился к моменту переселения части эдайн в Нуменор на основе синдарина и примитивного наречия талиска, испытавшего, в свою очередь, сильное влияние нандорина и аварина. Заметны в адунаике вкрапления и других эльфийских языков.

---

---