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The Pekodian languages are a subgroup of the Cariban language family. The languages are spoken in Mato Grosso and Pará states of Brazil and make up the southernmost branch of Cariban.[1]

Pekodian
Geographic distribution	Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
Linguistic classification	Cariban Pekodian
Glottolog	peko1235

Meira and Chousou-Polydouri (2015) consider Pekodian to have descended from Cariban migrations that came from the north, as Cariban linguistic diversity is concentrated in northern South America.[2]

The term Pekodian was coined in 2005 by Meira and Bruna Franchetto on the basis of a cognate word for ‘woman’ found in these languages, respectively Bakairi pekodo and Ikpeng petkom, but not found in any of the other Cariban languages compared against them.[3]

Languages

The Pekodian languages are:[4][5][6]

• Bakairi
• Ikpeng
• Pará Arára
• Yarumá (Suyá)
• Amonap (Kuikuro–Kalapalo, Matipuhy)

Internal classification

Carvalho classifies the Pekodian languages as follows.[1]

Pekodian branch

• Bakairí
• Kampot dialect cluster
  • Ikpeng
  • Arára
  • Apiaká do Tocantins
  • Parirí
  • Yarumá

The term Kampot is coined by Carvalho (2020) from the lexical innovation *kampot ‘fire’ defining the dialect cluster.

Sound changes

A number of sound changes are shared between Bakairí and Ikpeng:[3]

• In intervocalic position, Proto-Cariban *p becomes w, *t becomes d (further developing to r in Ikpeng), and *k becomes g.
• Proto-Cariban *r becomes l in certain (as-yet undetermined) shared environments.
• Proto-Cariban *w becomes p word-initially (though there are some exceptions in Ikpeng).
• Proto-Cariban *t palatalizes to tʃ before e and i. (Bakairí further develops tʃ to ʃ, ʒ, s, or z.)
• Possibly, the Proto-Cariban sequence *nu-ru reduced to *n-ru, yielding Bakairí nu and Ikpeng ŋ-ru, although these results can also be explained in other ways.

Loanwords

Pekodian languages have various loanwords from non-Cariban languages, including Juruna and Arawakan languages.[1]

Pekodian may have also influenced Bororoan and other non-Cariban language families.

References

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