lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Stoney—also called Nakota, Nakoda, Isga, and formerly Alberta Assiniboine—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the Siouan languages.[2] The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton (Dakota), Yankton-Yanktonai (Dakota), Teton (Lakota), Assiniboine, and Stoney.[3]

Stoney
Nakoda, Nakota, Isga
Native to	Canada
Ethnicity	Nakota: Stoney
Native speakers	3,025 (2016)[1]
Language family	Siouan Western Siouan Mississippi Valley Siouan Dakotan Stoney
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sto
Glottolog	ston1242
ELP	Stoney
The location of Stoney / Nakoda
Stoney is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the Dakotan dialects[4] and has been described as “on the verge of becoming a separate language”. The Stoneys are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada,[3] and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in Alberta.[5][6] No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley community.[7]

Relationship to Assiniboine

Stoney’s closest linguistic relative is Assiniboine.[8] The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible.[2] Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.[9][10]

Phonology

Very little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences.

For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley Reserve:

Morley Stoney consonants[11]

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k
	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	g
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ		ħ	h
	voiced		z	ʒ		ʕ
Nasal		m	n
Semivowel		w		j

Morley Stoney vowels[11]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, ĩ		u, ũ
Mid	e		o
Low		a, ã

For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast[12] between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:

Alexis Stoney consonants[10]

		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	t͡ʃ	k		ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	x		h
	voiced		z	ʒ	ɣ
Nasal		m	n
Semivowel		w		j

Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects.[13] Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:[10]

Alexis Stoney vowels[10]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, iː, ĩ		u, uː, ũ
Mid	e, eː, ẽ		o, oː, õ
Low		a, aː, ã

Writing system

Stoney alphabet (Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation)

a

â

aa

b

c

c'

d

e

ê

ee

g

h

i

î

ii

j

k

k'

m

n

o

ô

oo

p

p'

r

s

sh

t

t'

u

û

uu

w

x

y

z

zh

?

Word Set (includes numbers)

• One — Wazhi
• Two — Nûm
• Three — Yamnî
• Four — Ktusa
• Five — Zaptâ
• Man — Wîca
• Woman — Wîyâ
• Sun — Wa
• Moon — Hâwi
• Water — Mini

Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages

The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney, Assiniboine, and the three dialects (Lakota, Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) of Sioux.[14][3]

Sioux					Assiniboine	Stoney
Lakota	Western Dakota		Eastern Dakota				gloss
	Yanktonai	Yankton	Sisseton	Santee
Lakȟóta	Dakȟóta		Dakhóta		Nakhóta	Nakhóda	self-designation
lowáŋ	dowáŋ		dowáŋ		nowáŋ		to sing
ló	dó		dó		nó		assertion
čísčila	čísčina		čístina		čúsina	čúsin	small
hokšíla	hokšína		hokšína	hokšída	hokšína	hokšín	boy
gnayáŋ	gnayáŋ	knayáŋ	hnayáŋ		knayáŋ	hna	to deceive
glépa	gdépa	kdépa	hdépa		knépa	hnéba	to vomit
kigná	kigná	kikná	kihná		kikná	gihná	to soothe
slayá	sdayá		sdayá		snayá	snayá	to grease
wičháša	wičháša		wičhášta		wičhášta	wičhá	man
kibléza	kibdéza		kibdéza		kimnéza	gimnéza	to sober up
yatkáŋ	yatkáŋ		yatkáŋ		yatkáŋ	yatkáŋ	to drink
hé	hé		hé		žé	žé	that

References

External links

• Ethnologue.com
• Native Languages of the Americas website

На других языках

---

- [en] Stoney language

---

[fr] Stoney (langue)

Le stoney (autonyme : isga, nakota, nakoda) est une langue siouane parlée dans cinq réserves de l'Alberta situées au pied des montagnes Rocheuses, entre Calgary et Edmonton, au Canada[1]. En 2016, Statistique Canada recense 3 665 locuteurs[2] du stoney au Canada, dont 3 215 locuteurs natifs[3].

---

[ru] Стони (язык)

Стони (Alberta Assiniboine, Nakoda, Stoney, Stony) — сиуанский язык, на котором говорит народ стони, который проживает в резервациях Алексис, Бигорн № 8, Морли, Пол, Эден-Валли 216, в центральной и южной части канадской провинции Альберта, западнее и северо-западнее города Эдмонтон. Имеет северный и южный диалекты.

---

---