The Curonian language (German: Kurisch; Latvian: kuršu valoda; Lithuanian: kuršių kalba), or Old Curonian, was a nearly unattested Baltic language spoken by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe who inhabited the Courland Peninsula (now western Latvia) and the nearby Baltic shore. Curonian's relation to other Baltic languages is unclear;[1] some scholars consider it to have been an Eastern Baltic, intermediate between Lithuanian and Latvian,[2] while others like Vytautas Mažiulis classify it as Western Baltic.[3] Linguist Eduard Vääri argues that it is possible that Curonians were Baltic Finns.[4] The attested local Finnic language, Livonian, may be the source of Finnic elements in Curonian.[citation needed] In 1912 Latvian linguist Jānis Endzelīns finally proved that Curonian was a Baltic language; according to him, Curonian by its qualities was in between Lithuanian and Latvian languages.[5]
Extinct Baltic language of Courland
This article is about Curonian language. For the language spoken at the Curonian Spit, see Kursenieki language.
Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 CE (boundaries are approximate)
History
Old Curonian disappeared in the course of the 16th century,[1] leaving substrata in western dialects of the Latvian and Lithuanian, namely the Samogitian dialect. No written documents in this language are known, but some ancient Lithuanian texts from western regions show some Curonian influence. According to Lithuanian linguist Zigmas Zinkevičius, long and intense Curonian–Lithuanian bilingualism existed.
There are attested names of Curonian noblemen such as: Lammekinus[lv; lt], Veltūnas, Reiginas, Tvertikis, Saveidis. Samogitian words such as kuisis (mosquito), pylė (duck), blezdinga (swallow), cyrulis (skylark), zuikis (rabbit), kūlis (stone), purvs (marsh), and pūrai (winter wheat) are considered to be of Curonian origin.[6]
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states saw a revival of scientific and cultural interest in extinct Baltic languages and tribes, including Yotvingian, Curonian, and Old Prussian.[citation needed]
Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch"[Curonian]. In Miloš Okuka (ed.). Wieser-Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens (in German). Vol.10. Klagenfurt/Vienna, Austria: Wieser. p.957. ISBN3-85129-510-2. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, eds. (2001). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact. Vol.1: Past and Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
"Rytų baltų kalbos". Šaltiniai.info (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
Kwauka, Paul: Namen des Memellandes/ Unsere „fremdartigen“ Familiennamen, Archiv AdM, Oldenburg
Lepa, Gerhard (Hrsg) "Die Schalauer", Tolkemita-Texte Dieburg 1997
Mortensen, Hans und Gertrud "Die Besiedlung des nordöstlichen Ostpreußens bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts", Leipzig 1938
Mortensen, Hans und Gertrud: Kants väterliche Ahnen und ihre Umwelt, Rede von 1952 in Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg / Pr., Holzner- Verlag Kitzingen/ Main 1953 Bd. 3
Peteraitis, Vilius: Mažoji Lietuva ir Tvanksta (Lithuania Minor and Tvanksta) Vilnius 1992
Pietsch, Richard (künstlerischer Entwurf und Text): Bildkarte rund um das Kurische Haff, Heimat-Buchdienst Georg Banszerus, Höxter, Herstellung: Neue Stalling, Oldenburg
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