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Naro /ˈnɑːroʊ/, also Nharo, is a Khoe language spoken in Ghanzi District of Botswana and in eastern Namibia. It is probably the most-spoken of the Tshu–Khwe languages. Naro is a trade language among speakers of different Khoe languages in Ghanzi District. There exists a dictionary.

Naro
Nharo
Native to	Botswana, Namibia
Ethnicity	Ncoakhoe
Native speakers	roughly 10,000 (2011)[1] 8,000 in Botswana (2014)[2] and 1,000 in Namibia (2011)[1] about as many L2 speakers in Botswana[1]
Language family	Khoisan (Umbrella term) Khoe Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe) West Naro
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nhr
Glottolog	naro1249
ELP	Naro
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

Naro has the following consonant inventory, in the IPA of Miller (2011) and the orthography of Visser (2001):[3]

Consonant phonemes of Naro

	Labial	Dental click	Alveolar			Lateral click	Palatal click	Velar	Glottal
			stop	affricate	click
Aspirate	pʰ ⟨ph⟩	ᵏǀʰ ⟨ch⟩	tʰ ⟨th⟩	tsʰ ⟨tsh⟩	ᵏǃʰ ⟨qh⟩	ᵏǁʰ ⟨xh⟩	ᵏǂʰ ⟨tch⟩	kʰ ⟨kh⟩
Tenuis	p ⟨p⟩	ᵏǀ ⟨c⟩	t ⟨t⟩	ts ⟨ts⟩	ᵏǃ ⟨q⟩	ᵏǁ ⟨x⟩	ᵏǂ ⟨tc⟩	k ⟨k⟩
Voiced	b ⟨b⟩	ᶢǀ ⟨dc⟩	d ⟨d⟩	dz ⟨z⟩	ᶢǃ ⟨dq⟩	ᶢǁ ⟨dx⟩	ᶢǂ ⟨dtc⟩	ɡ ⟨gh⟩
Nasal	m ⟨m⟩	ᵑǀ ⟨nc⟩	n ⟨n⟩		ᵑǃ ⟨nq⟩	ᵑǁ ⟨nx⟩	ᵑǂ ⟨ntc⟩
Glottalized		ᵑǀˀ ⟨cʼ⟩			ᵑǃˀ ⟨qʼ⟩	ᵑǁˀ ⟨xʼ⟩	ᵑǂˀ ⟨tcʼ⟩
Fricated		ǀkχ ⟨cg⟩	tχ ⟨tg⟩	tsχ ⟨tsg⟩	ǃkχ ⟨qg⟩	ǁkχ ⟨xg⟩	ǂkχ ⟨tcg⟩	(kχ ⟨kg⟩)
Fricated ejective		ǀkχʼ ⟨cgʼ⟩		tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩	ǃkχʼ ⟨qgʼ⟩	ǁkχʼ ⟨xgʼ⟩	ǂkχʼ ⟨tcgʼ⟩	kχʼ ⟨kgʼ⟩
Fricative	f ⟨f⟩		s ⟨s⟩					x ⟨g⟩	h ⟨h⟩
Flap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Kg and kgʼ only contrast for some speakers: kxʼám "mouth" vs. kʼáù "male". The flap r is only found medially except in loan words. An l is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by /ɾ/ medially and /n/ initially. Medial [j] and [w] may be /i/ and /u/; they occur initially only in wèé "all, both" and in yèè (an interjection).

Naro has five vowel qualities, a e i o u, which may occur long (aa ee ii oo uu), nasalized (ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ), pressed (a, e, i, o, u), or combinations of these (ã etc.). There are three tones, written á, a, à. Syllables are of the maximal form CVV, where VV is a long vowel, diphthong, or combination of vowel and m, and may take two tones: hḿm̀ "to see"; hm̀m̀ a xám̀ "to smell". The only consonant that can occur finally is m, except that long nasal vowels such as ãã may surface as [aŋ] ([ŋ] does not otherwise occur). Syllabic /n/ also occurs, as in nna.

Below is an overview of Naro clicks in both orthography and IPA (Visser 2001). The dental click is represented by c. alveolar click by q, palatal click by tc, and lateral click by x. All examples are from Visser (2001).

Naro clicks in orthography and IPA

Orthography	IPA	Example	Orthography	IPA	Example	Orthography	IPA	Example	Orthography	IPA	Example
c	ǀ	cõose 'owl'	q	ǃ	qaò 'rise (sun, moon)'	tc	ǂ	tcúú 'head'	x	ǁ	xòa 'cave'
cg	ǀχ	cgàa 'flesh'	qg	ǃχ	qgóé 'to run'	tcg	ǂχ	tcgáí 'eye'	xg	ǁχ	xgóà 'angry'
cg'	ǀχʼ	cg'õè 'name'	qg'	ǃχʼ	qg'áó 'neck'	tcg'	ǂχʼ	tcg'áì 'sharp, spicy'	xg'	ǁχʼ	xg'ari 'to squeeze'
ch	ǀʰ	cóá 'child'	qh	ǃʰ	qhàò 'people, tribe, kind'	tch	ǂʰ	tchàà 'wide'	xh	ǁʰ	xhãya 'West, Namibia'
c'	ǀ̃ˀ	c'áò 'blood'	q'	ǃ̃ˀ	q'óà 'afraid'	tc'	ǂ̃ˀ	tc'ubi 'egg'	x'	ǁ̃ˀ	x'áà 'light (n.)'
dc	ǀ̬	dcoàbà 'spider'	dq	ǃ̬	dqàne 'chin'	dtc	ǂ̬	dtcìì 'fat (adj.)'	dx	ǁ̬	dxàí 'cheek'
nc	ǀ̃	nco̱à 'red'	nq	ǃ̃	nqàrè 'foot'	ntc	ǂ̃	ntcùú 'black'	nx	ǁ̃	nxào 'joke'

Dialects

Naro is a dialect cluster.

• ǀAmkwe
• ǀAnekwe
• Gǃinkwe
• ǃGingkwe
• Gǃokwe
• Qabekhoe or Qabekho or ǃKabbakwe
• Tsʼaokhoe or Tsaukwe or Tsaokhwe
• Tserekwe
• Tsorokwe
• Nǀhai-ntseʼe or Nǁhai or Tsʼao ^{[Not the same as Ts'aokhoe?]}

and possibly ǂHaba.

Naro Language Project

The Naro Language Project is a project currently being undertaken by the Reformed Church in D'kar that aims to describe and develop an understanding of the Naro language, increase literacy by teaching Naro speakers to read and write their language and translate the Bible into Naro. The project was started in the 1980s. The Naro language project has, as of 2007, translated 70% of the Bible into the Naro language.

Numerals

Below are Naro numerals, from Visser (2001). Only 'one', 'two', and 'three' are native Naro numerals, while the rest have been borrowed from Nama. Orthography is given first, follows by IPA in brackets and then the tones in parentheses (H = high, M = mid, L = low).

• 1. cúí [/úí] (HH)
• 2. cám̀ [/ám̀] (HL)
• 3. nqoana [ǃnoana] (M.L)
• 4. hàka [hàka] (L.M)
• 5. koro [koro] (M.M)
• 6. nqáné [ǃnáné] (H.H)
• 7. hõò [hõò] (HL)
• 8. kaisa [kaisa] (MM.L)
• 9. khòesí [khòesí] (LM.H)
• 10. dìsí [dìsí] (L.H)

Bibliography

• Visser, Hessel (2001) Naro Dictionary: Naro–English, English–Naro. Gansi, Botswana: Naro Language Project. ISBN 99912-938-5-X

References

• The Kuru Naro Language Project
• Naro basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

На других языках

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- [en] Naro language

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[it] Lingua naro

La lingua naro è una lingua parlata nell'Africa sudoccidentale, appartenente alla famiglia delle lingue khoisan; è considerata parte del gruppo delle lingue khoe-kwadi, ramo settentrionale delle lingue khoisan.[1] La lingua è conosciuta con diversi altri nomi (ǁaiǁe, ǁaiǁen, ǁaikwe, ǁaisan, ǀaikwe, nharo, nharon, nhauru, nhaurun).[1][3]

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