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Herero (English: /hɛˈrɛəroʊ/, Otjiherero) is a Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, as well as by small communities of people in southwestern Angola. There were 211,700 speakers in 2014.[1]

See also: Otjiherero grammar
Herero
Otjiherero
Native toNamibia, Botswana, Angola
RegionKunene, Omaheke Region and Otjozondjupa Region in Namibia; Ghanzi in Botswana; Namibe, Huíla and Cunene in Angola
EthnicityHerero, Himba, Mbanderu, Tjimba, Kwisi, Twa
Native speakers
211,700 (2014)[1]
Language family
Niger–Congo?
  • Atlantic–Congo
    • Volta-Congo
      • Benue–Congo
        • Bantoid
          • Southern Bantoid
            • Bantu
              • Kavango – Southwest Bantu
                • Southwest Bantu
                  • Herero
Dialects
Writing system
Latin (Herero alphabet)
Herero Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-1hz Herero
ISO 639-2her Herero
ISO 639-3her Herero
Glottologhere1253  Herero
Guthrie code
R.30 (R31,311,312); R.101 (Kuvale)[2]
ELPHerero
The disparate distribution of the Herero language in Namibia, showing the concentration of Herero speakers on the Kalahari boundary in the east, as well as the outlying Herero-speaking Himba people of the Kaokoveld in the far north-west.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Herero
PersonOmuHerero
PeopleOvaHerero
LanguageOtjiHerero
A Herero speaker, recorded in Namibia.

Distribution


Its linguistic distribution covers a zone called Hereroland, which is constituted of the region of Omaheke along with the Otjozondjupa and Kunene Regions. The Himba people, who are related to the Herero and Mbanderu, speak a dialect very close to Otjiherero. Many Herero-speakers live in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia.


Phonology



Consonants


Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n̪ n ɲ
Plosive/
Affricate		 plain p t̪ t tʃ k
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd̪ ⁿd ⁿdʒ ᵑɡ
Fricative plain (f) θ (s) h
voiced v ð
Trill r
Approximant w (l) j

The sounds /f s l/ are found in loanwords.[3]


Vowels


Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Open ɑ ɑː

Orthography


Long vowels are doubled.

f and l are only used in loanwords.


Grammar


Main article: Otjiherero grammar

Script


Because of the translation of missionary Gottlieb Viehe (1839–1901) of the Bible into Herero, at the end of the 19th century, the spoken language was transcribed to an alphabet based on the Latin script. Father Peter Heinrich Brincker (1836–1904) translated several theological works and songs.


Education


Otjiherero is taught in Namibian schools both as a native tongue and as a secondary language. It is included as a principal material at the University of Namibia. Otjiherero is also one of the six minority languages that are used by the Namibian State Radio (NBC). Gamsberg Macmillan, as of 2008, has published the only dictionary in Otjiherero.


Varieties


The Hakaona variety is now considered a separate Bantu language, as sometimes is Zemba (Otjizemba).[5] Maho (200) also removes Kuvale to Bantu Zone R.10, while differentiating North-West Herero (Kaokoland Herero, including Zemba and presumably Himba and Hakaona), R.311, and Botswana Herero (including Mahalapye Herero), R.312, as distinct from but closely related to Herero proper. Within Herero proper, he recognizes two dialects: Central Herero and Mbandero (East Herero).

Northwest/Zemba is found on either side of the Namibian–Angolan border. Central Herero covers a large area in central Namibia, with East Herero a few islands to the east but still in Namibia. Botswana Herero consists of a few scattered islands in Botswana, with about 15% the population of Herero proper.[2]

Ethnologue separates Zimba as a distinct language but retains Himba, East Herero and Botswana Herero within the Herero language. However, it no longer recognizes Kuvale as a dialect.[6] Kuvale has not yet been designated as a separate language or as a dialect affiliated with another language.


Sources



References


  1. Herero at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
  2. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. Möhlig, Marten, Kavari, Wilhelm J. G., Lutz, Jekura (2002). A Grammatical Sketch of Herero (Otjiherero). Köln, Germany: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. "Herero alphabet, pronunciation, and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  5. Bantu Classification Archived 2012-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, Ehret, 2009.
  6. Compare
    Herero language at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
    with
    Herero language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)



На других языках

[de] Otjiherero

Otjiherero (auch Herero oder Ochiherero) ist eine Bantusprache, die vom Volk der Herero in weiten Teilen Namibias sowie in Teilen von Botswana und vereinzelt auch in Angola gesprochen wird. Die Sprecherzahl beträgt insgesamt ca. 237.000 Menschen.
- [en] Herero language

[es] Idioma herero

El idioma herero (autoglotónimo Otjiherero) es una lengua bantú hablada por la etnia herero de Namibia y Botsuana. En total suman 133 000 hablantes.

[fr] Héréro (langue)

Le héréro (autonyme : otjiherero ou ochiherero) est une langue bantoue parlée par le peuple des Héréros réparti pour une large part en Namibie, mais aussi par groupes au Botswana et dans des isolats en Angola. Le nombre de ses locuteurs s'élève au total à 150 000 personnes.

[it] Lingua herero

La lingua herero (otjiherero) è una lingua della famiglia bantu (gruppo del Niger-Congo). È parlata dal popolo Herero, che conta circa 113.000 persone in Namibia e altre 20.000 circa in Botswana. La sua distribuzione linguistica copre un'area chiamata Hereroland, costituita principalmente dalle regioni di Omaheke, Otjozondjupa e Kunene. Minoranze di parlanti la lingua herero sono comunque diffuse in diverse aree della Namibia, soprattutto Windhoek e le altre città principali.

[ru] Гереро (язык)

Гере́ро (очигереро) — язык народа гереро. Распространён в основном в Намибии, а также в Анголе и Ботсване. Язык межэтнической коммуникации. Число говорящих 150 тыс. человек (1999, оценка).


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