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Negidal (also spelled Neghidal) is a language of the Tungusic family spoken in the Russian Far East, mostly in Khabarovskij Kraj, along the lower reaches of the Amur River.[2] Negidal belongs to the Northern branch of Tungusic, together with Evenki and Even. It is particularly close to Evenki, to the extent that it is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Evenki.[3]

Negidal
Неғида хэсэнин
Native to	Russia
Region	Russian Far East
Ethnicity	510 Negidals (2010 census)[1]
Native speakers	75 (2010 census)[1] (only a few fully fluent by 2007)[1]
Language family	Tungusic Northern Evenki group Negidal
Writing system	Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	neg
Glottolog	negi1245
ELP	Negidal
Negidal is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Language Status

According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were 567 Negidals, 147 of which still spoke the language. The Russian Census of 2010 reported lower speaker numbers, with only 19 of 513 ethnic Negidals reported to still speak the language.[4][5]

However, recent reports from the field reveal that the linguistic situation of Negidal is much worse than the census reports. According to Kalinina (2008),[6] whose data stem from the fieldwork conducted in 2005-2007, there are only three full speakers left, and a handful of semi-speakers. Pakendorf & Aralova (2018) report from fieldwork conducted in 2017 that there remain only six active speakers of Upper Negidal and there are no speakers of Lower Negidal.[4] The language is thus classified as severely endangered[7] and is predicted to become dormant within the next decade.[4]

Dialects

There were formerly two dialects: the Upper Negidal dialect (Verkhovskoj in Russian) along the Amgun River (village of Vladimirovka), still residually spoken, and the now extinct Lower dialect (Nizovskoj) in its lower reaches (villages of Tyr and Beloglinka, the town of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur).[4] The Lower dialect was especially close to Evenki.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central		Back
Close	i			u
	ɪ			ʊ
Mid	e	ə	ɵ	o
Open		a

• /o/ may also be heard as [ɔ] in some areas.
• An /o/ when appearing in more than two syllables in a word, it may also be heard as [ɑ] or [ɒ].

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative			s			x
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Lateral			l
Rhotic			r
Approximant		w			j

• /ɡ/ can also have an allophone of [ɣ].
• /w/ becomes voiceless before a voiceless consonant and is heard as a fricative [ɸ].[8]

Notes

Bibliography

• Aralova, N. B. & N. R. Sumbatova. (2016). Negidal’skij jazyk (Negidal). In Vida Ju. Mikhal’čenko (ed.), Jazyk i obščestvo. Sociolingvističeskaja enciklopedija (Language and society. A sociolinguistic encyclopedia) 307–308. Moscow: Azbukovnik.
• Cincius, V.I. (1982). Негидальский язык (The Negidal language). Leningrad: Nauka.
• Kalinina, E. J. (2008). Etjud o garmonii glasnykh v negidal’skom jazyke, ili neglasnye prezumpcii o glasnykh zvukakh (A study of vowel harmony in the Negidal language or unstated assumptions about vowels). In Arkhipov, Aleksandr V., Leonid M. Zakharov, Andrey A. Kibrik, Aleksandr E. Kibrik, Irina M. Kobozeva, Ol’ga F. Krivnova, Ekaterina A. Ljutikova & Ol’ga V. Fedorova, (eds.), Fonetika i nefonetika. K 70-letju S.V. Kodzasova (Phonetics and non-phonetics. On the occasion of the 70th birthday of S.V. Kodzasov), 272–282. Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskikh kul’tur.
• Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). ネギダール語 テキストと文法概説 (Negidal Texts and Grammar). Publications on Tungus languages and cultures 19. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-021. Kyoto: Nakanishi.
• Myl'nikova, K.M.; Cincius, V.I. (1931). "Материалы по исследованию негидальского языка (Materials on the Negidal language)". Tungusskij Sbornik I:107-218.
• Pakendorf, B. & Aralova, N. (2018). The endangered state of Negidal: a field report. Language Documentation & Conservation 12: 1-14. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24760
• Xasanova, M.M.; Pevnov, A.M. (2003). Мифы и сказкы негидальцев (Myths and tales of the Negidals). Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures 21. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-024. Kyoto: Nakanishi.

External links

• ELAR archive of Endangered Tungusic Languages of Khabarovskij Kraj (including Negidal)
• Ethnologue - Negidal^{[permanent dead link]}
• The Endangered Languages Project - Negidal

На других языках

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- [en] Negidal language

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[fr] Néguidale

Le néguidale est une langue toungouse parlée en Russie (Sibérie), par les Néguidales, dans les raïons Ulch et Osipenko situés dans le krai de Khabarovsk.

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[ru] Негидальский язык

Негида́льский язы́к — язык негидальцев, распространённый в Хабаровском крае России, в нижнем течении Амура и среднем течении р. Амгуни. Относится к тунгусской ветви тунгусо-маньчжурских языков, наиболее близок эвенкийскому.

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