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The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language, Udeghe language) is the language of the Udege people. It is a member of the Tungusic family.

Udege
Удиэ
Native to	Russia
Region	Russian Far East
Ethnicity	1,500 Udeges (2010 census)[1]
Native speakers	100 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Tungusic Udegheic Udege Group Udege
Writing system	Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ude
Glottolog	udih1248
ELP	Udege
Udege is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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History

Previously an oral language, in 1931 an alphabet was created for writing Udege as a part of latinisation in the Soviet Union.[2] In 1938 the policy of latinisation was reversed and the written Udige language was banned by Soviet authorities. Books in Udihe were collected and burned. Evgeny Schneider [ru], an Udige language author and translator was declared an enemy of the people and executed.[3]

Vocabulary

Udege contains a variety of loanwords from the closely related Nanai language, which have supplanted some older Udege vocabulary, such as:

• [banixe] (thank you), from Nanai [banixa], instead of Udege [usasa]^{[check spelling]}
• [dœlbo] (work), from Nanai [dœbo], instead of Udege [etete]
• [daŋsa] (book) from Nanai [daŋsa], itself a loanword from Chinese: 檔子 (Pinyin: dāngzi), which actually means "file, records, archives"

In general, a large degree of mutual assimilation of the two languages has been observed in the Bikin region. Udege has also exerted phonological influence on the Bikin dialect of Nanai, including monophthongisation of diphthongs, denasalisation of nasal vowels, deletion of reduced final vowels, epenthetic vowels preventing consonant final words, and the deletion of intervocalic [w].[4]

Orthography

1931-1937 Alphabet

A a	Ā ā	B в	Є є	D d	Ӡ ӡ	E e	Ē ē
Æ æ	F f	G g	H h	I i	Ī ī	J j	K k
L l	M m	N n	Ņ ņ	Ŋ ŋ	O o	Ō ō	Ө ө
P p	R r	S s	T t	U u	Ū ū	W w	X x
Y y	Z z	’

Udege is currently written in two versions of the Cyrillic alphabet, known as the "Petersburg" and the "Khabarovsk" versions. The Khabarovsk version is used more often.[5]

Cyrillic alphabet (Khabarovsk version)

А а

ʻА ʻа

А̄ а̄

А̂ а̂

Б б

В в

Г г

Ғ ғ

Д д

Ӡ ӡ

И и

Ӣ ӣ

И̂ и̂

Й й

К к

Л л

М м

Н н

Њ њ

Ӈ ӈ

О о

ʻО ʻо

О̄ о̄

О̂ о̂

П п

Р р

С с

Т т

У у

Ӯ ӯ

У̂ ŷ

Ф ф

Х х

Ч ч

ь

Э э

ʻЭ ʻэ

Э̄ э̄

Э̂ э̂

A few older letters that were used in this language: Ж ж, З з, Љ љ, Ц ц, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, ‘Ы ‘ы, Ы̄ ы̄, Ы̂ ы̂, Ю ю, ‘Ю ‘ю, Ю̄ ю̄, Ю̂ ю̂, Я я, ‘Я ‘я, Я̄ я̄, Я̂ я̂

Phonology

Udege Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i iː	y yː		u uː
Mid	ø øː		ə əː	o oː
Open	æ æː		a aː

Udege Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	t͡s		k
	voiced	b	d	d͡z ~ z[lower-alpha 1]		ɡ
Fricative			s			x
Approximant		w	l		j

Examples

The beginning of the fairy tale "Selemege":[7]

E. R. Snejder's (Schneider) alphabet	Omo jəgdig’ə bagdehæni, mam’asaxi-da. Mam’asani gə̄nʒi bisini. Tu bisiti. Bimi-də mam’asatigī digaŋkini: — Bi Sələməgə guniəiwəti isənəʒəmi, — guŋkini.
"Khabarovsk" Cyrillic alphabet (alphabet by M. D. Simonov and V. T. Kyalundzyuga)	Омо йэгдэғ’э багдиэ̂ни, мам’асахи-да. Мам’асани гэ̅нʒи бисини. Ту бисити. Бими-дэ мамас’атиғи̅ диғаңкини: — Би Сэлэмэгэ гунэивэти исэнэʒэми, — гуңкини.
"Leningrad" Cyrillic (alphabet by E. V. Perekhvalskaya)	Омо йəгдəг’ə багдиəни, мам’асахи-да. Мам’асани гə́нʒи бисини. Ту бисити. Бими-дə мамас’атигий диаңкини: — Би Сəлəмəгə гунəйwəти исəнəʒəми, — гуңкини.
A. A. Kanchuga's alphabet	Омо егдигэ багдиэни, мамасахида. Мамасани гээнди бисини. Ту бисити. Бимидэ мамасатиги диаңкини: — Би Сэлэмэгэ гунэивэти исэнэзэми, — гуңкини.
English translation	Once upon a time there was one fellow, he was married. The child's wife was expecting. It was. After a while, he says to his wife: — I'll go and take a look at this Selemege who is being talked about, — he said.

Notes

Bibliography

• Atknin, V.A.; Girfanova, A. (1985), "Отрицательные формы глаголов в удэгэйском языке (в сравнении с другими тунгусо-маньчжурскими языками)/The negative verbal forms in Udihe (in comparison with other Tungus-Manchu languages)", Лингвистические Исследования (1): 11–19
• Nikolaeva, Irina; Tolskaya, Maria (2001), A Grammar of Udihe, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-016916-4
• Перехвальская Елена. "Удэгейский язык: Когда будущее лежит за спиной". ПостНаука. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

External links

• Chukchi fairy tales in Udihe (Udehe) and English
• Максим Руссо. Карта языков России: удэгейский (Полит.ру, 10 марта 2019)

На других языках

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[de] Udeheische Sprache

Die Udeheische (Udeische) Sprache (Eigenname удиэ кэйэвэни) gehört zu den mandschu-tungusische Sprachen und bildet mit anderen Amur-Sprachen eine Amur-Untergruppe der Tungus-Gruppe dieser Sprachen. Am nächsten steht der Udeheischen Sprache die Orotschische Sprache.

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- [en] Udege language

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[fr] Oudihé

L'oudihé (autres transcriptions : oudégué, oudéguéï, ude, udihe, udekhe, udeghe, udege, udegei[1]...) est une langue de la famille des langues toungouses.

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[it] Lingua udege

L'udege (anche denominata ude, udihe, udeghe o udehe) è una lingua della famiglia linguistica tungusa, parlata dagli Udege.

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[ru] Удэгейский язык

Удэге́йский (удэ́йский) язы́к — язык удэгейцев, относится к тунгусо-маньчжурским языкам, образуя с другими приамурскими языками амурскую подгруппу тунгусской группы этих языков. Ближе всего к удэгейскому орочский язык.

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