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Zoogocho Zapotec, or Diža'xon,[2] is a Zapotec language of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Zoogocho Zapotec
(San Bartolomé Zoogocho)
Diža'xon
Pronunciation	[diʒaʔˈʐon]
Native to	Mexico
Region	Northern Oaxaca
Native speakers	(1,400 cited ca. 1991)[1] (1,000 in Mexico)[1]
Language family	Oto-Manguean Zapotecan Zapotec Sierra Norte Zoogochoan Zoogocho Zapotec
Dialects	Zoogocho Yalina Tabehua
Language codes
ISO 639-3	zpq
Glottolog	zoog1238

It is spoken in San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca, Santa María Yalina, Tabehua, and Oaxaca City.[1]

As of 2013, about 1,500 "Zoogochenses" live in Los Angeles, California. Classes are held in the MacArthur Park neighborhood to preserve the Zoogocho Zapotec language.[3]

The language is also known as Tabehua, Yalina, Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, and Zoogocho.[4]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	(u)
Mid	e	o
Open	a

There are a total of five vowels in San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec.[5] The /u/ sound is used in loanwords.[5] Phonation types include: VV, VhV, V'. VV stands for double vowels that produce a creaky voice, vowels which include an h in between them produce a breathy sounds such as in the word yáhà, and vowels such as V' are checked vowels. [5]

Tones

Tones include high, mid, low, rising and falling. [5] Lower tonal qualities are seen more commonly in breathy tones, while checked vowels have a higher tone quality. [5] Although it's common for breathy to have a lower tones and checked vowels commonly have higher tones, this is considered a distinct phenomenon and tone can't be predicted based on phonation types. [5]

Example: yáhà 'weapon’

Stress

In Zoogocho Zapotec, stress is most commonly found on the penultimate syllable of a stem. [5] Stress is not found in words that are made of more than one root, in this situation, the stress(accent) will fall on the second root. [5]

Example: Ni'ihe 'nixtamal'; Yeten 'the tortilla

Syllable Structure

(C)CV(V)(C)(C), there are no restrictions on phonation type on the vowels in this type of syllable set up. [5]

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Labio- velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k	kʷ		ʔ
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			tʃ
	voiced			dʒ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	ʂ
	voiced		z	ʒ	ʐ			ʁ
Nasal	voiced	m	n
	voiceless		n̥
Rhotic			(ɾ)
Lateral	voiced		l
	voiceless		l̥
Approximant				j			w

A few sounds also occur in loanwords from Spanish: /f/, /ɾ/, /ɲ/, /x/, /r/, /ɲ/, and /x/. [5]

Morphology

Nominal Morphology

Nominal means to be categorized in a group of nouns and adjectives, the morphology occurs in a noun phrase.  

Possession

Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed (Inherent possession is the items being possessed) which is marked prenominally with prefix x- , the possessed nominal then is developed by a pronominal clitic or noun phrase. [5]

Pronominal Clitic

Or noun phrase is pronounced like an affix. Clitics play a syntactic role at the phrase level.

Verbal Morphology

No tense in this language. Zoogocho Zapotec relies on 'temporal particles' za, ba, na, gxe, or neghe.

Primary Aspect

Events that are still occurring, occurred, or will occur over a period of time. The continuative aspect of the examples is dx- .

The completive aspect is usually marked as b-, gw-, gud-, or g-. This aspect reflects the completion of the event occurred.

The potential aspect refers to an event that has not yet happened or an event that has not been specified. This aspect is marked by gu- or gw-.

The stative aspect is referred to as the prefix n- or by nothing at all. This aspect has multiple uses, such as, expressing the states and conditions and habitual meaning.

Table 4.1 Conjugation in gw-

	Conjugation in gw-
Potential	gw-
Completive	b-
Continuative	dx-
Stative	n-

Orthography

Dillawalhall Zapotec Alphabet

a, b, ch, chh, d, e, f, g, i, j, k, l, ll, lh, m, n, nh, o, p, r, rh, s, sh, t, u, w, x, xh, y, z. [5]

Vowels

A/a, E/e, I/i, O/o	A’/a’, E’/e’, I’/i’, O’/o’	A’A, a’a, E’E, e’e, I’I, i’i O’O/u’u
Ba: Tumba De: ceniza Bi: No, negación Do: mecate (con u para nuevas generaciones)	La’: Oaxaca Ye’: enfermedad de la piel Li’: aguijón Yo’: casa	Za’a: elote Ze’e: pared Zi’i: está pesado Yo’o: vamos

[5]

Consonants

B/b Beb: ceniza Bid: chinche	CH/ch chop: dos Bach: ya	CHH/chh Chhak: algo que se está haciendo Nhachh: entonces Chho’: tos	D/d Da: ven De: ceniza Déd: lejos Dé: hay dud
F/f Yej fre: floripondio	G/g Ga: 9 Bgab: escalera Go: camote Nhaga’: mi oreja	J/j Jed: gallina Bej: pozo Jia: gallo Yetj: caña	K/j Ka’: así Beko’: perro Ki: así Nhake’: es Nhaka’: soy
L/l Lao: lazo de penca de maguey Bel: culebra Bél: pescado Lí: cierto, verdadero	LL/ll Lli’: abajo, al sur Lla: día Bell: tigre Yill: cicatriz	LH/lh Lhao (rhao): tu nombre Lhillo’ (rhillo’): tu casa Lhe’ (rhe’): tú Zilh (zirh): por la mañana	M/m (hay pocas palabras) Mechho: dinero Llome (llom): canasta Dam: tecolote
N/n Na’: hoy, ahora Ne’: ten Bene’: persona	NH/nh Nhi: aquí Nhile: nixtamal Nha’: ahí Nholhe: mujer Bnha’: lávate Benhi’: claridad	P/p (pocas palabras) Padioxh: saludo Tap: 4 Pita’: arcoiris	R/r (pocas palabras, se usa para escribir préstamos del español) Rob: arroba Ros: rosa, arroz Rós: Rosa
RH/rh (Existen pocas palabras. Niños y jóvenes actualmente la usan en lugar de LH/lh. Por lo que lo pueden escribir con esta letra aunque lo pronuncien con RH) Rhiz: pequeño Rhito: Margarita	S/s Sib: alto, refiriéndose a casa, pared, árbol. Se usa también chhá’ (arriba) Sa’o: pedazos de vidrio Bes: riega (objetos) Bsa’: raspa o pon en movimiento algo Nhis: agua	SH/sh Shi: 10 Sha’: cazuela Shod (shud): zopilote Gash: Amarillo Bsha’: cambia	T/t Tap: 4 To: 1 Bat: cuándo Btao: maíz aposcahuado
W/w Wí: naranja Wag: leña Wekoell: Músico Weya’: Danza Tawa’: mi abuela Wenllin: trabajador	X/x Xjollo’: Zoogocho Xao: tu papá Xop: 6 Bex: tomate Bxin: aura Bxide’: estropajo	XH/xh Xhiko’: Tu perro Xhis: barañas Bxhidw: beso Xhiga’: jícara Xop: 6	Y/y Ya: fierro Yag: árbol Beye’: hielo Laya’: mi diente Yade: Yaté
Z/z Za: frijol Beza’: zorra Nhez: camino Bzinha’: ratón

[5]

Syntax

Sentence Structure

Zoogocho Zapotec uses Verb Subject Object sentence structure. It is possible to use Object Verb Subject, and Subject Verb Object but they only occur in special situations.

Sentence Structure

Verb Subject Object (VSO)	Object Verb Subject (OVS)	Subject Verb Object (SVO)
dx-aogo CONT-eat be’ko’ dog yet tortilla dx-aogo be’ko’ yet CONT-eat dog tortilla ‘The dog is eating tortillas.’	yet tortilla dx-aogo CONT-eat be’ko’ dog yet dx-aogo be’ko’ tortilla CONT-eat dog ‘Tortillas, the dog is eating.’	be’ko’=n’ dog=DET dx-aogo CONT-eat yet tortilla be’ko’=n’ dx-aogo yet dog=DET CONT-eat tortilla ‘It’s the dog that’s eating tortillas.’

Noun Phrases

Adjective-Noun Order: The ordering of adjectives and nouns.

When asked to cite adjectives in isolations native speakers will invariably put da the inanimate classifier in front of the adjective.

Da is used as an inanimate classifier, bi is a classifier for small things and be is an animate classifier. These three classifiers can be used in sentences when agreeing with the head noun. The reason behind the conditioning for this remains undetermined.

Plural Markers

Not always present in plural noun phrases, and plurality is either recovered from context or from verbal marking. Ka is used to mark a plural noun

Demonstratives

Demonstratives follow their nouns, and either appear by themselves as in or with a classifier as in.

Determiners

The determiner is a clitic which has three main variants; one which occurs following a non-nasal consonant as in is =en’, one which occurs with words ending in n or nh is =na’, as in , and, finally, the one which occurs after a vowel is =n  or =na’ in free variation as in . Determiners occur at the end of a noun phrase.

References

• Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey (2005). A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783895868030.

External links

• Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999. Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca. Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Zoogocho Zapotec language resources
• OLAC resources in and about the Zoogocho Zapotec language

На других языках

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- [en] Zoogocho Zapotec

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[fr] Zapotèque de Zoogocho

Le zapotèque de Zoogocho (ou zapotèque de San Bartolomé Zoogocho) est une variété de la langue zapotèque parlée dans l'État de Oaxaca, au Mexique.

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[ru] Соогочский сапотекский язык

Соогочский сапотекский язык (Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Zoogocho Zapotec) — сапотекский язык, на котором говорят в городах Мехико, Оахака-де-Хуарес, Соогочо, Табеуа, Ялина штата Оахака в Мексике.

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