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The Mazahua language (Central Mazahua: Jñatrjo) is an Oto-Pamean language spoken in the central states of Mexico by the ethnic group that is widely known as the Mazahua but calls itself the Hñatho. It is a Mesoamerican language and has many of the traits of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. In 2003, along with some 62 other indigenous languages, it was recognised by a statutory law of Mexico (General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples)[2] as an official language in the Federal District and the other administrative divisions in which it is spoken, and on an equal footing with Spanish. The largest concentration of Mazahua is found in the municipality of San Felipe del Progreso, State of México, near Toluca.

Mazahua
Jñatjo (mmc) Jñatrjo (maz)
Region	Mexico: State of Mexico, Toluca
Ethnicity	Mazahua
Native speakers	150,000 (2020 census)[1]
Language family	Oto-Manguean Oto-Pamean Otomian Mazahua
Official status
Regulated by	Secretaría de Educación Pública
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: mmc – Toluca Mazahua maz – Central Mazahua
Glottolog	maza1293
Extent of the Mazahua language in Mexico
The Mazahua language, number 4 (darker blue), northwest
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The closest relatives of the Mazahua language are Otomi, Matlatzinca, and Ocuilteco/Tlahuica languages, which together with Mazahua form the Otomian subgroup of the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.

Mazahua is a tonal language and distinguishes high, low, and falling tones on all syllables except the final syllable of a word whose stress is predictable.

Mazahua's most distinctive feature is its abnormally-large phoneme inventory, around sixty phonemes, or twice the number in English. There are eight vowel phonemes, seven contrastive nasal vowels, and as many as forty-five consonants.

Amongst them are ejectives, implosives and contrastive voiceless sonorants. Along with Sindhi and Tukang Besi, Mazahua is a rare case of a language with true implosives that is far from regions where implosives are commonly encountered. It is also one of the few languages with ejective fricatives.[3]

Mazahua-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XETUMI-AM, broadcasting from Tuxpan, Michoacán.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
					plain	lab.
Nasal	glott.	m̰	n̰	ɲ̰
	voiceless	m̥	n̥	ɲ̥
	plain	m	n	ɲ
Plosive	implosive	ɓ	ɗ
	ejective		tʼ		kʼ	kʼʷ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ	kʷʰ
	tenuis	p	t		k	kʷ	ʔ
	voiced				ɡ	ɡʷ
Affricate	ejective		tsʼ	tʃʼ
	aspirated		tsʰ	tʃʰ
	tenuis		ts	tʃ
Fricative	ejective		sʼ
	aspirated		sʰ
	tenuis		s	ʃ			h
	voiced		z	ʒ		ɣ
Semivowel	glott.			j̰		w̰
	voiceless			j̊		w̥
	plain			j		w
Liquid	lateral		l
	trill		r

Oral vowels

		Front	Back
Close	oral	i	u
	nasal	ĩ	ũ
Close-mid	oral	e	o
	nasal	ẽ	õ
Mid		ə
Open-mid	oral	ɛ	ɔ
	nasal	ɛ̃	ɔ̃
Open	oral	a
	nasal	ã

Orthography

The orthography is based on the Spanish alphabet, with additional rules to account for the large phonetic inventory of Mazahua:

• A diagonal strikethrough indicates a reduced vowel (these letters were added to Unicode in 2016)[4]
• Underline indicates a nasal vowel[5]
• An apostrophe indicates an ejective consonant or glottalic consonant
• The letter j after a consonant indicates an aspirated consonant
• The letter u after a consonant indicates labialization[6]

Grapheme	Phoneme
a	[a]
ⱥ	[ə]
a̲	[ã]
b	[ɓ]
c	[k]
c'	[kʼ]
cj	[kʰ]
cu	[kʷ]
c'u	[kʼʷ]
cju	[kʷʰ]
ch	[tʃ]
ch'	[tʃʼ]
chj	[tʃʰ]
d	[ɗ]
dy	[dz]
e	[e]
ɇ	[ɛ]
e̲	[ɛ̃]/[ẽ]
g	[ɡ]
gu	[ɡʷ]
hu	[w]
'hu	[w̰]
i	[i]
ɨ	[ĩ]
j	[j]/[h]
j'	[j̰]
jm	[m̥]
jn	[n̥]
jñ	[ɲ̥]
ju	[w̥]
jy	[j̊]
l	[l]
m	[m]
m'	[m̰]
n	[n]
n'	[n̰]
ñ	[ɲ]
ñ'	[ɲ̰]
o	[o]
ø	[ɔ]
o̲	[õ]/[ɔ̃]
p	[p]
pj	[pʰ]
r	[r]
s	[s]
s'	[sʼ]
sj	[sʰ]
t	[t]
t'	[tʼ]
tj	[tʰ]
ts	[ts]
ts'	[tsʼ]
tsj	[tsʰ]
u	[u]
ꞹ	[ɨ]
u̲	[ũ]
x	[ʃ]
z	[z]
zh	[ʒ]
'	[ʔ]

Sample text: Texe yo nte̱'e̱ chjetrjoji, angezeji ximi xo'oji ñeje k'inchiji, nesta ra ngara na jo'o k'o dyaja e nte̱'e̱. (All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)

References

Sources

• Knapp Ring, Michael Herbert, Fonología del mazahua, Tesis de licenciatura, ENAH, México, 1996
• Michael Knapp, 2002 “Elementos de dialectología Mazahua" In Del Cora Al Maya Yucateco: Estudios Linguisticos Sobre Algunas Lenguas Indigenas Mexicanas Paulette Levy (Ed.), Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico

На других языках

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[de] Mazahua-Sprache

Mazahua (Jñatio) ist eine indigene Sprache in Mexiko bzw. zwei nahe miteinander verwandte Sprachen, gesprochen von der Ethnie der Mazahua. Sie gehört zur Sprachfamilie der Otomangue-Sprachen.

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- [en] Mazahua language

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[es] Idioma mazahua

La lengua mazahua es una lengua que se habla en el centro de México. Sus hablantes denominan a la lengua con el nombre de jñatrjo, con el que también se designan a sí mismos los mazahuas. Este último es un etnónimo náhuatl que significa «gente que posee venados» (maza[tl]- ‘venado’ y -hua [posesivo]).

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[fr] Mazahua

Le mazahua (jñatrjo ou jñatjo en mazahua) est une langue otomie parlée dans le Sud-Ouest de l'État de Mexico, au Mexique.

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[ru] Масауа (язык)

Масауа (исп. Mazahua) — индейский язык в Мексике, на котором говорит народ масауа. Относится к группе отопаме ото-мангской семьи языков. Число носителей — около 350 тыс. человек. Распространён в штатах Мехико и Мичоакан, а также в городе Мехико. Наиболее близкородственные языки: отоми и матлацинка. Выделяют несколько довольно схожих диалектов.

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