lingvo.wikisort.org - Lingua
Le lingue tai o lingue thai[1] (thailandese: ภาษาไต, traslitterazione: p̣hās̛̄ātay) sono un sottogruppo delle lingue tai-kadai parlato nel Sud-est asiatico.
| Lingue tai | |
|---|---|
| Regioni | Sud-est asiatico |
| Locutori | |
| Totale | 81 milioni (circa) |
| Tassonomia | |
| Filogenesi | Lingue tai-kadai |
| Codici di classificazione | |
| ISO 639-2 | tai
|
| ISO 639-5 | tai
|
 Distribuzione delle lingue tai-kadai. Le lingue tai sono: Tai settentrionali Tai centrali Tai meridionali | |
Distribuzione geografica
Le lingue tai includono le lingue tai-kadai più ampiamente diffuse, compreso il thailandese standard, lingua nazionale della Thailandia, il laotiano, lingua nazionale del Laos, la lingua shan della Birmania del nordest e lo zhuang, un'importante lingua della provincia cinese meridionale del Guangxi.
Classificazione
- Lingue tai settentrionali
- Saek (Laos) [codice ISO 639-3 skb][2]
- Zhuang settentrionale (Cina)
- Bouyei (Buyi) (Cina) [pcc]
- Tai mène(Laos) [tmp]
- E (Cina) [eee]
- Lingue tai centrali
- Zhuang meridionale (Cina)
- Man cao lan (Vietnam) [mlc]
- Nung (Vietnam) [nut]
- Tày (Tho) (Vietnam) [tyz]
- Ts'ün-lao (Vietnam) [tsl]
- Nhang (Vietnam)
- Lingue tai meridionali (32)
- Tai ya (Cina) [cuu]
- Pu ko (Laos) [puk]
- Pa di (Cina) [pdi]
- Tai thanh (Vietnam) [tmm]
- Tày sa pa (Vietnam) [tys]
- Tai long (Laos) [thi]
- Tai hongjin (Cina) [tiz]
- Turung (India) [try]
- Yong (Thailandia) [yno]
- Thai meridionale (Pak thai) (Thailandia) [sou]
- Tai centro-orientali (10)
- Chiang Saen (10)
- Tai dam (Vietnam) [blt]
- Thai settentrionale (lanna, tai yuan) (Thailandia, Laos) [nod]
- Phuan (Thailandia) [phu]
- Thai song (Thailandia) [soa]
- Thai (Thailandia) [tha]
- Tai hang tong (Vietnam) [thc]
- Tai dón (Vietnam) [twh]
- Tai daeng (Vietnam) [tyr]
- Tay tac (Vietnam) [tyt]
- Thu lao (Vietnam) [tyl]
- Lao-phutai (4)
- Tai nord-occidentali (9)
- Ahom (Assam - estinto. L'assamese moderno è indo-europeo.) [aho]
- Aiton (Assam) [aio]
- Lü (Lue, tai lue) (Cina, Vietnam, Thailandia, Laos, Birmania) [khb]
- Khamti (Assam, Birmania) [kht]
- Khün (Birmania) [kkh]
- Khamyang (Assam) [ksu]
- Phake (Assam) [phk]
- Shan (Birmania) [shn]
- Tai nüa (Cina, Vietnam, Thailandia, Laos). [tdd]
- Chiang Saen (10)
Storia
Citando il fatto che sia i popoli zhuang che quelli thai hanno lo stesso esonimo per il vietnamita, kɛɛuA1[3], Jerold Edmondson, docente dell'università del Texas, ha ipotizzato che la separazione tra lo zhuang (una lingua tai centrale) e le lingue tai sud-orientali sia avvenuta non prima della fondazione di Jiaozhi (交址) in Vietnam nel 112 a.C. ma non più tardi del V - VI secolo.[4]
Morfologia
Pronomi
| Proto-tai | Alfabeto thai | ||
| 1ª | singolare | *ku | กู |
| duale | *ra | รา | |
| plurale | *rau, *tu | เรา, ตู | |
| 2ª | singolare | *mɯŋ | มึง |
| plurale | *su | สู | |
| 3ª | singolare | *man | มัน |
| plurale | *khau | เขา |
Confronto
| Italiano | Proto-tai sud-occidentale[5] | Thailandese | Laotiano | Lanna | Isan | Shan | Tai lü | Zhuang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aria | *lom | /lom/ | /lóm/ | /lom/ | /lom/ | /lom4/ | /lom/ | /ɣum˧˩/ |
| città | *mɯaŋ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɤŋ4/ | /mœŋ/ | /mɯŋ6/ |
| terra | *?din | /din/ | /din/ | /din/ | /din/ | /lǐn1/ | /din/ | /dei6/ |
| fuoco | *vai/aɯ | /fai/ | /fái/ | /fai/ | /fai/ | /pʰaj4/ o /fai4/ | /fai/ | /fei2/ |
| cuore | *čai/aɯ | /hŭa tɕai/ | /hǔa cài/ | /hua tɕai/ | /hua tɕai/ | /ho1 tsaɯ1/ | /hua tɕai/ | /sim/ |
| amore | *rak | /rák/ | /hāk/ | /hag/ | /hag/ | /hak5/ | /hag/ | /gyai2/ |
| acqua | *naam | /náːm/ | /nȃm/ | /nam/ | /nam/ | /nam5/ | /nam/ | /ɣaem4/ |
Note
- http://www.grandidizionari.it/Dizionario_Italiano/parola/T/thai.aspx?query=thai
- Riconoscendo l'arbitrarietà delle definizioni, nella nomenclatura delle voci viene usato il termine "lingua" in accordo alle norme ISO 639-1, 639-2 o 639-3. Negli altri casi, viene usato il termine "dialetto".
- A1 indica un tono.
- Edmondson, Jerold A. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam Archiviato il 16 luglio 2011 in Internet Archive.. Studi su lingue e linguistica del sudest Asia, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat e James E. Harris, ed. Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd, Bangkok, Thailandia. Doc. (PDF) a pag. 15
- Thai Lexicography Resources
- Ostapirat W (2000). "Proto-Kra." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(1).
- Rapporto Ethnologue Consultato il 3 agosto 2005.
Bibliografia
- Brown, J. Marvin. From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thailand, 1965.
- Chamberlain, James R. A New Look at the Classification of the Tai Languages. [s.l: s.n, 1972.
- Conference on Tai Phonetics and Phonology, Jimmy G. Harris, and Richard B. Noss. Tai Phonetics and Phonology. [Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 1972.
- Diffloth, Gérard. An Appraisal of Benedict's Views on Austroasiatic and Austro-Thai Relations. Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 1976.
- Đoàn, Thiện Thuật. Tay-Nung Language in the North Vietnam. [Tokyo?]: Institute [sic] for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1996.
- Gedney, William J. On the Thai Evidence for Austro-Thai. [S.l: s.n, 1976.
- Gedney, William J., and Robert J. Bickner. Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 29. Ann Arbor, Mich., USA: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1989. ISBN 0891480374
- Gedney, William J., Carol J. Compton, and John F. Hartmann. Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures: In Honor of William J. Gedney on His 77th Birthday. Monograph series on Southeast Asia. [De Kalb]: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. ISBN 1877979163
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. (1995). William J. Gedney's central Tai dialects: glossaries, texts, and translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 43. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan ISBN 0891480757
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. William J. Gedney's the Yay Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 38. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. ISBN 0891480668
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. William J. Gedney's Southwestern Tai Dialects: Glossaries, Texts and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 42. [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1994. ISBN 0891480749
- Hudak, Thomas John. William J. Gedney's The Tai Dialect of Lungming: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 39. [Ann Arbor]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. ISBN 0891480676
- Li, Fang-kuei. The Tai Dialect of Lungchow; Texts, Translations, and Glossary. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1940.
- Østmoe, Arne. A Germanic-Tai Linguistic Puzzle. Sino-Platonic papers, no. 64. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1995.
- Sathāban Sūn Phāsā Qangkrit. Bibliography of Tai Language Studies. [Bangkok]: Indigenous Languages of Thailand Research Project, Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, 1977.
- Shorto, H. L. Bibliographies of Mon-Khmer and Tai Linguistics. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
- Tingsabadh, Kalaya and Arthur S. Abramson. Essays in Tai Linguistics. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press, 2001. ISBN 9743472223
Collegamenti esterni
- (EN) Lingue tai, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- (EN) Southeast Asian Languages Library, su sealang.net.
| Controllo di autorità | Thesaurus BNCF 188 · LCCN (EN) sh85131933 · BNF (FR) cb119322266 (data) |
|---|
На других языках
[es] Lenguas tai
Las lenguas tai son un subgrupo de lenguas de la familia kra-dai. Las lenguas tai incluyen las lenguas kra-dai más habladas, incluyendo el idioma tailandés, lengua oficial de Tailandia, el lao, lengua oficial de Laos, el idioma shan de Birmania y el idioma zhuang del sur de China.[fr] Langues taï
Les langues taï sont un sous-groupe de la famille des langues taï-kadaï. Appartiennent à ce sous-groupe notamment le shan en Birmanie, le zhuang dans le Sud de la Chine, le lao, langue nationale du Laos, le thaï, langue nationale de la Thaïlande et les langues tày des régions montagneuses du nord du Viêt Nam.- [it] Lingue tai
[ru] Тайские языки
Тайские языки — одна из групп тай-кадайской семьи языков, наиболее крупная по числу языков, их распространённости и числу носителей. Они распространены по всему Индокитаю (Мьянма, Таиланд, Лаос, Вьетнам и Камбоджа), в южных районах Китая и на крайнем северо-востоке Индии. В общей сложности насчитывается около четырёх десятков тайских языков, хотя близость отдельных идиомов и наличие диалектных континуумов во многих случаях сильно затрудняет определение числа языков. Общее число носителей составляет около 90 млн человек (оценка, нач. 2000-х гг.)Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
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