Connacht Irish (Irish: Gaeilge Chonnacht) is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Connacht. Gaeltacht regions in Connacht are found in Counties Mayo (notably Tourmakeady, Achill Island and Erris) and Galway (notably in parts of Connemara and on the Aran Islands). Connacht Irish is also spoken in the Meath Gealtacht Ráth Chairn and Bailie Ghib. The dialects of Irish in Connacht are extremely diverse, with the pronunciation, forms and lexicon being different even within each county.
Irish language dialect
This article uses the IPA to transcribe Irish. Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see Help:IPA/Irish for a comparison of the IPA system with those used in learners' materials.
The three dialects of Irish. Connacht's speakers are spread from Galway and Mayo to Meath.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
The Irish of South Connemara is often considered the "standard" Connacht Irish owing to the number of speakers however it is unique within Connacht and has a lot more idiomatic connection to extinct dialects in North Clare (for example "acab" instead of "acu" in the rest of Connacht). Words such as "dubh" and snámh tend to be pronounced with a Munster accent in South Connemara whereas in Joyce Country, Galway City and Mayo they are pronounced with the Ulster pronunciation. In addition to this the standard in Connacht would be to pronounce the words "leo" and "dóibh" as "leofa" and "dófa" however in South Connemara and Aran they are pronounced "Leothab" and "dóib". Lexical and pronunciation differences exist within Mayo with Tourmakeady featuring an "í" sound in vowel endings much more commonly. In addition to this the lexicon of Dún Chaocháin to the east of Belmullet tends to be far more Ulster influenced than that of Eachléim ("murlas" vs "ronnach") and there is a huge Ulster influence on the dialect of North Mayo in general owing to historic migration. The Irish of Eachréidh na Gaillimhe and Dúiche Sheoigheach tend to share more phonetic commonalities with neighbouring Mayo than with South Connemara
Documented sub-dialects include those of Cois Fharraige[lower-alpha 1] and Conamara Theas,[lower-alpha 2] both of which are in Galway, and Erris in Mayo.
Lexicon
Some differences between Mayo and Galway are seen in the lexicon:
Mayo
Galway
Gloss
Cluinim / Cloisim / Moithím / Airím
Cloisim
I hear
Doiligh
Deacair
Difficult
Úr
Nua
New
Nimhneach
Tinn
Sore
Some words used in Connacht Irish that aren't found in other dialects include:[1]
Connacht
Standard
Gloss
Cas
Buail, Bualadh
Meet, uses verbal noun of casadh
Gasúr
-
Young child; Mayo, Munster & Ulster: Young boy
Cisteanach / Cistinidh
Munster: Cistin
Kitchen
Variant spellings include:
Connacht
Standard
Gloss
Tíocht
Teacht
verbal noun of tar: To come
Aríst
Arís
Again
Caiptín
Captaen
Captain
Col ceathrar
Col ceathrair
Cousin
Feilm, Feilméar
Feirm, Feirmeoir
Farm, Farmer
Ariamh / Iriamh
Riamh
Ever / Never
Variants distinctive of, but not unique to Connacht include:
fata, fataí, "potato", "potatoes"
fuisce, "whiskey"
muid, emphatic form muide/muidí for the first person plural pronoun, Ulster Irish uses this form as well, whereas Munster Irish uses sinn, sinne although sinn, sinne are used in Mayo, particularly in the Erris dialect.
chuile, "every" (contraction of gach + uile)
Phonology
The phonemic inventory of Connacht Irish (based on the accent of Tourmakeady in Mayo[2]) is as shown in the following chart (see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
Consonant phonemes
Labial
Coronal
Dorsal
Glottal
Bilabial
Labio- dental
Labio- velar
Dental
Alveolar
Alveolo- palatal
Palatal
Velar
Plosive
pˠ pʲ
bˠ bʲ
t̪ˠ
d̪ˠ
tʲ
dʲ
c
ɟ
k
ɡ
Fricative/ Approximant
fˠ fʲ
vʲ
w
sˠ
ʃ
ç
j
x
ɣ
h
Nasal
mˠ mʲ
n̪ˠ
nˠ nʲ
n̠ʲ
ɲ
ŋ
Tap
ɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant
l̪ˠ
lˠ lʲ
l̠ʲ
The vowels of Connacht Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.
In addition, Connacht has the diphthongs /iə, uə, əi, əu/.
Some characteristics of Connacht that distinguish it from the other dialects are:
In some varieties, vowel lengthening before word-internal clusters of voiced plosive + liquid (e.g. /ɑːɡləʃ/eaglais "church")
In some varieties (e.g. in Erris Irish (Co. Mayo)[3] and, as seen in the table above, in Tourmakeady) a four-way distinction among coronal nasals and laterals: /n̪ˠ ~ nˠ ~ nʲ ~ n̠ʲ/, /l̪ˠ ~ lˠ ~ lʲ ~ l̠ʲ/, often without lengthening of orthographic short vowels before them.
In the variety spoken in Cois Fharraige (the area along the north shore of Galway Bay between Barna and Casla), underlying short /a/ is realized as a long front [aː] while underlying long /aː/ is realized as a back [ɑː].
/n/ is realized as [ɾ] (or is replaced by /ɾ/) after consonants other than [s]. This happens in Ulster as well.
Broad bh is rendered /w/ even in initial positions, with a few exceptions.
The inflected pronouns agam, agat and againn are usually reduced into monosyllables /amˠ/, /adˠ/, /an̠ʲ/.
The prepositions do, de are both realised as [gə] and their inflected forms are frequently pronounced (and sometimes written) in their lenited forms.
The preposition-article compound sa (i + an "in the") causes eclipsis, where it causes lenition in the Caighdeán and in the other dialects.
Morphology
Nouns
In some dialects of Connacht the plural endings -anna and -acha are always replaced by -annaí and -achaí. It is also common in many Gaelic-speaking areas of Connemara that the dative singular form of all 2nd declension nouns has been generally adopted as the nominative, giving these nouns the typical ending in palatalized consonants in the nominative singular. This is indicated in the spelling by the letter i before the final consonant.
Connemara form
Standard form
Gloss
-achaí, -annaí
-acha, -anna
Plural ending
bróig
bróg
Shoe
ceird
ceard
Craft
cluais
cluas
Ear
cois
cos
Foot, Leg
láimh
lámh
Hand
Verbs
Irish verbs are characterized by having a mixture of analytic/an fhoirm scartha forms (where information about person and number is provided by a pronoun) and synthetic/an fhoirm tháite forms (where this information is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. In Galway and Mayo, as in Ulster, the analytic forms are used in a variety of forms where the standard language has synthetic forms, e.g. molann muid "we praise" (standard molaimid) or mholfadh siad "they would praise" (standard mholfaidís). However, the synthetic forms, including those no longer included in the standard language, may be used in answering questions.
Connemara
Standard
Gloss
Díonaim
Déanaim
I make/do
Íosaim
Ithim
I eat
Connacht Irish favours the interrogative pronoun cén and forms based on it such as cén uair, "when" instead of Munster cathain, or céard instead of Munster/Ulster cad. Relative forms of the verb such as beas for beidh, "will be", or déananns/déanas, "do", for déanann are frequently used.
Notable speakers
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2022)
Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Connacht Irish dialect include Seosamh Ó hÉanaí, MacDara O Conaola, Darach Ó Catháin, Seán Mac Donncha and Máire Áine Ní Dhonnchadha.
de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1944). The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN978-0-901282-51-4.
—— (1953). Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [Cois Fharraige Irish: Morphology] (in Irish). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN1-85500-029-6.
—— (1985). Foirisiún Focal as Gaillimh (in Irish). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
de Búrca, Seán (1958). The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN0-901282-49-9.
Hartmann, Hans; de Bhaldraithe, Tomás; Ó hUiginn, Ruairí, eds. (1996). Airneán: Ein Sammlung von Texted aus Carna, Co. na Gaillimhe (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN978-3-48442-913-0.
Ihde, Thomas; Ní Neachtain, Máire; Blyn-LaDrew, Roslyn; Gillen, John (2008). Colloquial Irish: The Complete Course for Beginners. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415381307.
Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN0-901282-02-2.
Ó Máille, Tomás Seosamh (1974). Liosta Focal as Ros Muc (in Irish). Dublin: Irish University Press.
Ó Murchú, Séamas (1982). de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (ed.). Liosta Focal as Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Deascán Foclóireachta. Vol.2. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN978-0-90-171420-6.
—— (2009). Ó Baoill, Dónall P. (ed.). An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chonamara (in Ga). Dublin: An Gúm.
Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1978). Téarmaí Tógála agus Tís as Inis Meáin (in Irish). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
—— (1980). Learning Irish. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-30-006462-9.
Stockman, Gerard (1974). The Irish of Achill, Co. Mayo: a miscellaneous collection of linguistic material from the parish of Achill with a phonetic description of the dialect. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Quenn's University Belfast.
Wagner, Heinrich (1966). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects. Vol.III: The Dialects of Connaught. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN0-901282-47-2.
Wigger, Arndt (1970). Nominalformen im Conamara-Irischen (in German). Hamburg: Lüdke.
——, ed. (2004). Caint Ros Muc. photographs by Seán de Brún. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
Literature
a Búrc, Éamon (1982). Eochair Mac Rí in Éirinn: Eochair, a King’s Son in Ireland. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, University College Dublin.
—— (1996). An Pincín agus scéalta eile. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnacht. ISBN187470029X. [short stories, Maigh Cuilinn]
—— (1998). As na Cúlacha. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnacht. ISBN1902420918. [novel, Maigh Cuilinn]
de Bhaldraithe, Tomás, ed. (1977). Seanchas Thomáis Laighléis. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. ISBN978-1-906883-17-1. [storytelling of Tomás Laighléis, Mionlach]
Mac Amhlaigh, Dónall (1960). Dialann Deoraí [Diary of an Exile]. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [autobiography]
—— (1981). Beoir Bhaile agus scéalta eile. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [short stories and journalism]
Mac an Iomaire, Séamas (1985). Cladaí Chonamara. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. ISBN978-1-85-791447-4. [folklore, Connemara]
Mac Con Iomaire, Liam (2000). Breandán Ó hEithir: Iomramh Aonair. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. ISBN1902420292. [biography, Aran Islands]
Mac Domhnaill, Tomás; Mac Énrí, Seán; Ó Tuairisg, Lochlann, eds. (2009). Mícheál Breathnach: Scríbhinní. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnacht. ISBN978-1-90-556038-7. [collection of writings by Mícheál Breathnach, Cois Fhairrge]
Mac Giollarnáth, Seán (1941). Annála Beaga ó Iorrus Aithneach.
—— (1949). Mo Dhúthaigh Fhiáin.
Mac Lochlainn, Alf (1999). Fiáin na Bocs a Bhí ann an tAm Sin. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [local history, Connemara dialect]
Mac Ruairí, Mícheál (1993) [1908]. Ridire an Gháire Dhuibh agus scéalta eile. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [stories, Northern Mayo dialect]
Mag Ruaidhrí, Mícheál (2001). Le Linn m'Óige. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [memoirs, Northern Mayo dialect]
Mac Thuathaláin, Peadar (1934). Peadar Chois Fhairrge: scéalta nua agus seanscéalta d’innis Peadar Mac Thuathaláin nach maireann. collected by Seán Mac Giollarnáth.
Mag Uidhir, Séamas (1994). Fánaíocht i gContae Mhaigh Eo. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [Northern Mayo dialect]
Mná Fiontracha (2004). Ár nOileán: Tuile 's Trá [Our Island: Ebb & Flood]. Bailiúchán Bhéaloideas Árann. Árann: Mná Fiontracha. ISBN0954606116. OCLC56759040. [folklore from the Aran Islands]
Ní Mhainnín, Cáit (2000). Cuimhní Cinn Cháit Ní Mhainnín. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. ISBN1902420233. [autobiography, Connemara dialect]
Ó Baoill, Pádraig, ed. (2005). Glórtha ár Sinsear: Béaloideas Oirdheisceart na Gaillimhe. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [folklore, eastern Galway]
Ó Cadhain, Máirtín (1949). Cré na Cille. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [novel, Connemara dialect]
—— (1970). An tSraith dhá Tógáil. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1975). Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1977). An tSraith Tógtha. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1986). An tSraith ar Lár. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal — Ó Marcaigh. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1990). Ó Laighin, Seán (ed.). Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta. Baile Átha Cliath: Clódhanna Teoranta. [essays, journalism, history, politics, miscellany, Connemara dialect]
—— (1991) [1948]. An Braon Broghach. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1995). Athnuachan. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
—— (1998). Ó Cathasaigh, Aindrias (ed.). Caiscín: Altanna san Irish Times 1953/56 [Wholemeal: Articles in the Irish Times 1953–56]. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [journalism, Connemara dialect]
—— (1999). Prút, Liam (ed.). Caithfear Éisteacht! Aistí Mháirtín Uí Chadhain in Comhar. Baile Átha Cliath: Comhar Teoranta. [essays, Connemara dialect]
—— (1999). Tone Inné agus Inniu. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [history, politics, Connemara dialect]
—— (2002). Ó hÁinle, Cathal (ed.). Barbed Wire. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
—— (2002). Ó Laighin, Seán (ed.). An Ghaeilge Bheo: Destined to Pass. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [research and opinions, Connemara dialect & English]
—— (2004). Cois Caoláire. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal — Ó Marcaigh. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
—— (1995). Seanfhocail as Acaill. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, Achill Island dialect]
Ó Catháin, Séamas; Uí Sheighin, Caitlín, eds. (1987). A Mhuintir Dhú Chaocháin, Labhraigí Feasta!. Indreabhán: Cló Chonamara. [folklore, Northern Mayo dialect]
——; Uí Sheighin, Caitlín, eds. (1996). Le Gradam is le Spraoi. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, Northern Mayo dialect]
—— (2002). Meilt Mhuilte Dé. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
—— (2004). Clann na Feannóige. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
Ó Ceannabháin, Peadar, ed. (1983). Éamon a Búrc - Scéalta. Leabhar Thaighde. Vol.42. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar. [folklore, Connemara dialect]
Ó Coincheanainn, Peadar (1993). Ó Siadhail, Pádraig (ed.). Inis Meáin: seanchas agus scéalta. Bill Doyle (illustrations). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [local history, Aran Islands dialect]
Ó Conaire, Pádraic (1956). Scothscéalta. Dublin: Sáirséal agus Dill.
Ó Conaire, Pádraig Óg (1936). Éan Cuideáin.
Ó Conaola, Dara (1983). Cor in Aghaidh an Chaim. Inis Oírr: Ceardshiopa Inis Oírr Teoranta. [story, Aran Islands dialect]
Ó Conghaile, Seán (1974). Cois Fharraige le mo Linnse. Baile Átha Cliath: Clódhanna Teoranta. [folklore, autobiography, Connemara dialect]
Ó Corbáin, Seán (2005). Daoine Dathúla an Iarthair. Baile Átha Cliath: Cló Chaisil. [West Galway dialect]
Ó Curraoin, Seán, ed. (2000). Iascairín Chloch na Cora: Scéalta agus Seanchas ó Bhearna agus na Forbacha. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [folklore, Bearna/Na Forbacha dialect]
Ó Direáin, Máirtín (1969). Feamainn Bhealtaine. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [autobiography, Aran Islands dialect]
—— (2004). Dánta 1939-1979. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [poetry, Aran Islands dialect]
Ó Direáin, Peadar (1926). Ó Mocháin, Seán (ed.). Sgéalaidhe Leitir Mealláin. foreword by Tomás Ó Máille.
—— (1926). Ó Mocháin, Seán (ed.). Sgéalaidhe Leitir Mealláin. foreword by Tomás Ó Máille.
—— (1929). Sgéalta na n-Oileán: sgéalta agus dréachta.
—— (1929). Sgéalta na n-Oileán: sgéalta agus dréachta.
Ó Finneadha, Cóil Learaí (1995). Tórramh an Bhardail agus Scéalta Eile. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
Ó Flaithearta, Liam (1970). Dúil. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Aran Islands dialect]
Ó Gaora, Colm (2008). Mise. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [autobiography, Ros Muc dialect]
Ó Giollagáin, Conchúir, ed. (1999). Stairsheanchas Mhicil Chonraí: Ón Máimín go Ráth Cairn. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, memoirs, autobiography, Connemara dialect]
Ó Gráinne, Diarmuid, ed. (1995). Máire Phatch Mhóir Uí Churraoin: A Scéal Féin. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [autobiography, Connemara dialect]
Ó hEithir, Breandán (1983) [1976]. Lig Sinn i gCathú. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh. [novel, Aran Islands dialect]
—— (1988). Sionnach ar mo Dhuán. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh. [novel, Aran Islands dialect]
—— (1991). Nic Pháidín, Caoilfhionn (ed.). An Chaint sa tSráidbhaile. Baile Átha Cliath: Comhar Teoranta. [journalism, Aran Islands dialect]
Ó Laighin, Pádraig G. (1997). Bánú Phartraí agus Thuar Mhic Éadaigh. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [local history, Southern Mayo dialect]
Ó Máille, Tomás (2002) [1936]. An Béal Beo. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [lexicon, expressions, Connemara dialect]
—— (2007) [1937]. Ó Cadhain, Máirtín (ed.). An tIomaire Rua: Cogadh na Saoirse i dTuaisceart Chonamara. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [history, Connemara dialect]
Ó Máille, Tomás Seosamh (2010) [1948-1952]. Uí Bhraonáin, Donla (ed.). Seanfhocla Chonnacht. Cois Life. ISBN978-1-901176-41-4.
Ó Neachtain, Joe Steve (1998). Clochmhóin. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
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