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Middle Irish, sometimes called Middle Gaelic[1] (Irish: An Mheán-Ghaeilge, Scottish Gaelic: Meadhan-Ghàidhlig),[2] is the Goidelic language which was spoken in Ireland, most of Scotland and the Isle of Man from c. 900–1200 AD; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old English and early Middle English.[3][4] The modern Goidelic languages—Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx—are all descendants of Middle Irish.

Middle Irish
Middle Gaelic
Gaoidhealg
Pronunciation[ˈɡəiðeɫɡ]
Native toIreland, Scotland, Isle of Man
Erac. 900–1200
Language family
Indo-European
  • Celtic
    • Insular Celtic
      • Goidelic
        • Middle Irish
Early forms
Writing system
Latin (Gaelic alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2mga
ISO 639-3mga
Glottologmidd1360

Grammar


Middle Irish inscription from Clonmacnoise: Oroit ar Thurcain lasan dernad in chrossa: Pray for Turcan by whom this cross was made.[5][6]
Middle Irish inscription from Clonmacnoise: Oroit ar Thurcain lasan dernad in chrossa: "Pray for Turcan by whom this cross was made."[5][6]

Middle Irish is a fusional, VSO, nominative-accusative language.

Nouns decline for two genders: masculine, feminine, though traces of neuter declension persist; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, prepositional, vocative. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.

Verbs conjugate for three tenses: past, present, future; four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; independent and dependent forms. Verbs conjugate for three persons and an impersonal, agentless form (agent). There are a number of preverbal particles marking the negative, interrogative, subjunctive, relative clauses, etc.

Prepositions inflect for person and number. Different prepositions govern different cases, depending on intended semantics.


Example


The following is a poem in Middle Irish about Eógan Bél, King of Connacht.[7]

Dún Eogain Bél forsind loch forsrala ilar tréntroch,
  ní mair Eogan forsind múr ocus maraid in sendún.
Maraid inad a thige irraibe ’na chrólige,
  ní mair in rígan re cair nobíd ina chomlepaid.
Cairptech in rí robúi and, innsaigthech oirgnech Érenn,
  ní dechaid coll cána ar goil, rocroch tríchait im óenboin.
Roloisc Life co ba shecht, rooirg Mumain tríchait fecht,
  nír dál do Leith Núadat nair co nár dámair immarbáig.
Doluid fecht im-Mumain móir do chuinchid argait is óir,
  d’iaraid sét ocus móine do gabail gíall [n]dagdóine.
Trían a shlúaig dar Lúachair síar co Cnoc mBrénainn isin slíab,
  a trían aile úa
 fo dess co Carn Húi Néit na n-éces.
Sé fodéin oc Druimm Abrat co trían a shlúaig, nísdermat,
  oc loscud Muman maisse, ba subach don degaisse.
Atchím a chomarba ind ríg a mét dorigne d’anfhír,
  nenaid ocus tromm ’malle, conid é fonn a dúine.
Dún Eogain.


References


  1. Mittleman, Josh. "Concerning the name Deirdre". Medieval Scotland. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Early Gaelic (a.k.a. Old Irish) is the form of Gaelic used in Ireland and parts of Scotland from roughly 600–900 AD. Middle Gaelic (a.k.a. Middle Irish) was used from roughly 900–1200 AD, while Common Classical Gaelic (a.k.a. Early Modern Irish, Common Literary Gaelic, etc.) was used from roughly 1200–1700 AD
  2. "Middle Irish". www.uni-due.de.
  3. Mac Eoin, Gearóid (1993). "Irish". In Martin J. Ball (ed.). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 101–44. ISBN 0-415-01035-7.
  4. Breatnach, Liam (1994). "An Mheán-Ghaeilge". In K. McCone; D. McManus; C. Ó Háinle; N. Williams; L. Breatnach (eds.). Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta (in Ga). Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College. pp. 221–333. ISBN 0-901519-90-1.
  5. Healy, John (8 June 2016). Insula Sanctorum Et Doctorum Or Ireland's Ancient Schools And Scholars. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781473361331 – via Google Books.
  6. "CISP - CLMAC/13". www.ucl.ac.uk.
  7. "A Middle Irish Poem on Eogan Bél [text]". www.ucd.ie.

Further reading



See also


For a list of words relating to Middle Irish, see the Middle Irish language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

На других языках

[de] Mittelirische Sprache

Als Mittelirisch (ir. Meán-Ghaeilge, schottisch-gälisch Meadhan-Ghàidhlig, englisch Middle Irish oder Middle Gaelic) wird die Sprachstufe des Irischen zwischen dem Altirischen und dem Frühneuirischen bezeichnet. Sie beginnt etwa mit der Hochzeit der Wikingereinfälle in Irland und endet bald nach der normannischen Eroberung weiter Teile der Insel im späten 12. Jahrhundert. Die neuere Forschung setzt für das Mittelirische den Zeitraum zwischen etwa 900 und 1200 an.
- [en] Middle Irish

[es] Idioma irlandés medio

El irlandés medio es el nombre que le dieron los filólogos a la forma de la lengua irlandesa hablada entre el siglo X y el XII; es, por tanto, contemporáneo de las fases finales del inglés antiguo e iniciales del inglés medio.[1][2] Las lenguas goidélicas modernas: irlandés, gaélico escocés, y manés son todas descendientes del irlandés medio.

[fr] Moyen irlandais

Le moyen irlandais est un stade de la langue irlandaise parlé du Xe au XVIe siècle. Cette langue est donc contemporaine du moyen anglais. Les langues gaéliques modernes que sont l'irlandais, le gaélique écossais et le mannois descendent toutes du moyen irlandais.

[it] Medio irlandese

Il medio irlandese (in irlandese An Mheán-Ghaeilge) è una lingua goidelica che fu parlata in Irlanda, gran parte della Scozia e nell'Isola di Man nel periodo dal 900 al 1200 d.C. È dunque contemporanea alla fase tarda dell'antico inglese e alla prima fase del medio inglese. Le lingue goideliche moderne, ossia irlandese, scozzese e mannese, discendono tutte dal medio irlandese. 

[ru] Среднеирландский язык

Среднеирландский язык (ирл. An Mheán-Ghaeilge) — период истории ирландского языка с X по XII век. Большинство древних и средневековых ирландских саг сохранилось в среднеирландских редакциях.


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