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Munster Irish (Irish: Gaelainn na Mumhan) is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Munster. Gaeltacht regions in Munster are found in the Gaeltachtaí of the Dingle Peninsula in west County Kerry, in the Iveragh Peninsula in south Kerry, in Cape Clear Island off the coast of west County Cork, in Muskerry West; Cúil Aodha, Ballingeary, Ballyvourney, Kilnamartyra, and Renaree of central County Cork; and in an Rinn and an Sean Phobal in Gaeltacht na nDéise in west County Waterford.

Munster Irish
Munster Gaelic
Gaoluinn or Gaelainn
Pronunciation[ˈɡɘːl̪ˠɪɲ] or [ˈɡeːl̪ˠɪɲ]
EthnicityIrish
Native speakers
L1 speakers: About 9,737 (2012)
Language family
Early forms
Dialects
Writing system
Latin (Irish alphabet)
Irish Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-1ga
ISO 639-2gle
ISO 639-3gle
Glottologmuns1250
The three dialects of Irish, with Munster in the south.
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History


The north and west of Dingle Peninsula (Irish: Corca Dhuibhne) are today the only place in Munster where Irish has survived as the daily spoken language of most of the community although the language is spoken on a daily basis by a minority in other official Gaeltachtaí in Munster.

Historically, the Irish language was spoken throughout Munster and Munster Irish had some influence on those parts of Connacht and Leinster bordering it such as Kilkenny, Wexford and south Galway and the Aran Islands.

Munster Irish played an important role in the Gaelic revival of the early 20th century. The noted author Peadar Ua Laoghaire wrote in Munster dialect and stated that he wrote his novel Séadna to show younger people what he viewed as good Irish:

Ag machtnamh dom air sin do thuigeas am' aigne ná raibh aon rud i n-aon chor againn, i bhfuirm leabhair, le cur i láimh aon leinbh chun na Gaeluinne do mhúineadh dhó. As mo mhachtnamh do shocaruigheas ar leabhar fé leith do sgrí' d'ár n-aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a bhéadh glan ós na lochtaibh a bhí i bhformhór cainte na bhfilí; leabhar go mbéadh an chaint ann oireamhnach do'n aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a thaithnfadh leis an aos óg. Siné an machtnamh a chuir fhéachaint orm "Séadna" do sgrí'. Do thaithn an leabhar le gach aoinne, óg agus aosta. Do léigheadh é dos na seandaoine agus do thaithn sé leó. D'airigheadar, rud nár airigheadar riamh go dtí san, a gcaint féin ag teacht amach a' leabhar chúcha. Do thaithn sé leis na daoinibh óga mar bhí cosmhalacht mhór idir Ghaeluinn an leabhair sin agus an Béarla a bhí 'n-a mbéalaibh féin.[1]

Peig Sayers was illiterate, but her autobiography, Peig, is also in Munster dialect and rapidly became a key text. Other influential Munster works are the autobiographies Fiche Blian ag Fás by Muiris Ó Súilleabháin and An tOileánach by Tomás Ó Criomhthain.


Lexicon


Munster Irish differs from Ulster and Connacht Irish in a number of respects. Some words and phrases used in Munster Irish are not used in the other varieties, such as:


Phonology


The phonemic inventory of Munster Irish (based on the accent of West Muskerry in western Cork) is as shown in the following chart (based on Ó Cuív 1944; see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant /h/ is neither broad or slender.

Consonant
phonemes
Bilabial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar Palatal Velar
Stops

t̪ˠ
 
d̪ˠ
 
 
 
    
c
 
ɟ
k
 
ɡ
 
  
Fricative/
Approximant
ɸˠ
ɸʲ
βˠ
βʲ
  
 
   
ʃ
   
ç
 
j
x
 
ɣ
 
h 
Nasal  
 n̪ˠ
 
  
     
ɲ
 ŋ
 
  
Tap        ɾˠ
ɾʲ
           
Lateral
approximant
    l̪ˠ
 
  
           

The vowels of Munster Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.

In addition, Munster has the diphthongs /iə, ia, uə, əi, ai, au, ou/.

Some characteristics of Munster that distinguish it from the other dialects are:


Morphology


Irish verbs are characterized by having a mixture of analytic forms (where information about person is provided by a pronoun) and synthetic forms (where information about number is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. Munster Irish has preserved nearly all of the synthetic forms, except for the second-person plural forms in the present and future:

MunsterStandardGloss
Present
molaimmolaim"I (sg.) praise"
molairmolann tú"you (sg.) praise"
molann sémolann sé"he praises"
molaimídmolaimid"we praise"
molann sibhmolann sibh"you (pl.) praise"
molaid (siad)molann siad"they praise"
Past
mholasmhol mé"I praised"
mholaismhol tú"you (sg.) praised"
mhol sémhol sé"he praised"
mholamairmholamar"we praised"
mholabhairmhol sibh"you (pl.) praised"
mholadarmhol siad"they praised"
Future
molfadmolfaidh mé"I will praise"
molfairmolfaidh tú"you (sg.) will praise"
molfaidh sémolfaidh sé"he will praise"
molfaimídmolfaimid"we will praise"
molfaidh sibhmolfaidh sibh"you (pl.) will praise"
molfaid (siad)molfaidh siad"they will praise"

Some irregular verbs have different forms in Munster than in the standard (see Dependent and independent verb forms for the independent/dependent distinction):

Munster independentMunster dependentStandard independentStandard dependentGloss
chímní fheicimfeicimní fheicim"I see, I do not see"
(do) chonacní fheacachonaic méní fhaca mé"I saw, I did not see"
deinimní dheinimdéanaimní dhéanaim"I do, I do not"
(do) dheineasníor dheineasrinne méní dhearna mé"I did, I did not"
(do) chuasní dheaghas/níor chuaschuaigh méní dheachaigh mé"I went, I did not go"
gheibhimní bhfaighimfaighimní bhfaighim"I get, I do not get"

Past tense verbs can take the particle do in Munster Irish, even when they begin with consonants. In the standard language, the particle is used only before vowels. For example, Munster do bhris sé or bhris sé "he broke" (standard only bhris sé).

The initial mutations of Munster Irish are generally the same as in the standard language and the other dialects. Some Munster speakers, however, use /ɾʲ/ as the lenition equivalent of /ɾˠ/ in at least some cases, as in a rí /ə ɾʲiː/ "O king!" (Sjoestedt 1931:46), do rug /d̪ˠə ɾʲʊɡ/ "gave birth" (Ó Cuív 1944:122), ní raghaid /nʲiː ɾʲəidʲ/ "they will not go" (Breatnach 1947:143).


Syntax


One significant syntactic difference between Munster and other dialects is that in Munster (excepting Gaeltacht na nDéise), go ("that") is used instead of a as the indirect relative particle:

Another difference is seen in the copula. Fear is ea mé is used in addition to Is fear mé.


Notable speakers


Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Munster Irish dialect include Nioclás Tóibín, Elizabeth Cronin, Labhrás Ó Cadhla, Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh, Seán de hÓra, Diarmuid Ó Súilleabháin, Seosaimhín Ní Bheaglaoich and Máire Ní Chéilleachair.


References


  1. Ua Laoghaire 1915, p. 215.

Bibliography



Literature







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