lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Finnish Kalo (kaalengo tšimb) is a language of the Romani language family (a subgroup of Indo-European) spoken by Finnish Kale. The language is related to but not mutually intelligible with Scandoromani or Angloromani.

Finnish Kalo
kaalengo tšimb
Native to	Finland, Sweden
Native speakers	10,000 in Finland (2001 census)[1] 1,700 in Sweden (2009)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Central Zone Romani Northern Romani Northwestern Romani Finnish Kalo
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rmf
Glottolog	kalo1256

Finnish Kalo has 6,000–10,000 speakers and many young people do not know the language. The majority of speakers are from older generations and about two-thirds of the Romanis in Finland still speak the language. There have been some revival efforts. Dictionaries and grammar books have been produced and some universities offer Finnish Kalo. Finnish Kalo has some similarities with the Romani languages in Hungary where stress is placed on the first syllable of the word. This may be related to the fact that both Finnish and Hungarian words have fixed word-initial stress, a feature that would have diffused to the Romani languages. Finnish Kalo has been taught in schools since the late 1980s and some courses were available in the 1970s.[2]

Current situation

In 2012 only 30% of the 13,000 Romanis in Finland spoke Kalo fluently but about 50% could understand it. It is now uncommon for Kalo speakers to pass the language to children although there have been efforts made to revive it in recent years. There are language nests in Rovaniemi, and in Helsinki, Romani courses were established. In Finland, the municipalities can establish Romani courses if there is enough demand, though there have been problems due to a lack of resources.[3]

Finnish Romani in Sweden have a right to Kalo and Finnish education.[4]

Phonology

	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː	y	yː	u	uː
Mid	e	eː	ø	øː	o	oː
Open	æ	æː			ɑ	ɑː

Finnish Kalo has 8 pairs of long and short vowels.[5][6] Vowel length can be phonemic[5] as in bur 'through' versus buur 'boor'[7] or allophonic as in baaro/baro 'big'.[5]

Finnish Kalo has 9 closing diphthongs and 3 opening diphthongs.[5][8]

Diphthongs			Ending point
			Front		Back
Starting point
Close	Front	unrounded	ie		iu
		rounded	yi	yø
	Back		ui		uo
Mid	Front	unrounded	ei		eu
		rounded	øi
	Back		oi		ou
Open	Front		æi
	Back		ɑi		ɑu

Finnish Kalo has the following consonant phonemes:[9][10]

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Postalveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t̠ʃ	k
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d	d̠ʒ	ɡ
Fricative		f	s		x	h
Approximant		ʋ	l	j
Trill			r

Alphabet

See also

• Miranda Vuolasranta

Notes

References

External links

• Finnish Kalo teaching materials by the Finnish National Agency for Education [fi] (in Finnish)
• Finnish-Kalo Finnish Dictionary Online, Glosbe

На других языках

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- [en] Finnish Kalo language

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[fr] Romani finlandais

Le romani finlandais ou romani de Finlande est un dialecte du romani parlé en Finlande par environ 6 000 à 10 000 personnes.

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[it] Lingua kalò della Finlandia

Il kalò (kaalengo tšimb) è una lingua[1] parte della famiglia della lingua romanì, parlata dai Kaale, gruppo rom della Finlandia. Il linguaggio è correlato ma non reciprocamente comprensibile con Scando-romanì o Anglo-romanì. È parlato anche in alcune aree della Svezia centrale.

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[ru] Финский кало

Финский кало — парацыганский язык, распространённый в Финляндии и Швеции.

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