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Kostel dialect
kȯsˈteːu̯skȯ naˈrėːčje
Pronunciation	kʊ͈sˈteːu̯skʊ͈ naˈrɪ͈t͡ʃjɛ
Native to	Slovenia, Croatia
Region	Kupa Valley near Kostel and Brod na Kupi
Ethnicity	Slovenes, Croats
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene Lower Carniolan dialect group Kostel dialect
Early forms	Southeastern Slovene dialect Southern Slovene dialect Lower Carniolan dialect plane
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Kostel dialect

South Slavic languages and dialects
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The Kostel dialect (Slovene: kostelsko narečje [kɔsˈtéwskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ],[1] kostelska belokranjščina,[2] kostelščina;[3] Serbo-Croatian: kostelsko narječje), in Croatian literature also eastern microdialects of Western Goran subdialect (Serbo-Croatian: zapadni goranski poddijalekt, zapadni gorskokotarski poddijalekt, Slovene: zahodni goranski govori, zahodni gorskokotarski govori),[4] is a dialect, spoken along the Kupa Valley in Slovenia and Croatia, around Banja Loka and Brod na Kupi.[5] Dialect originates from Alpine Slavic, a predecessor of nowadays Slovene, but speakers living in Croatia self-identify as speaking Croatian.[6] Dialect borders Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the north, Southern White Carniolan and Eastern Goran dialect to the east, Čabranka dialect to the west, and Goran dialects to the south and east, as well Shtokavian, which is spoken in Moravice and neighbouring villages. The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect plane.[7][8] Until recently, neighbouring Čabranka dialect considered to be a part of Kostel dialect, but it was later discovered both dialects evolved differently, but are in process of becoming more similar to each other.[9]

Geographical distribution

Kostel dialect is spoken in Croatia, but the northernmost part extends into southern Slovenia. It extends from Kuželj and Gornji Turni in the west, south to Ravna Gora, as far east as Razdrto and north to Banja Loka and Kostel.It is the southernmost Slovene dialect. Notable settlements include Kuželj, Guče Selo, Brod na Kupi, Krivac, Gornji Turni, Kupjak, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod Moravice, Lokvica and Šimatovo in Croatia, and Vas, Fara, Kuželj and Potok in Slovenia.[7][10]

The border between Kostel dialect, South White Carniolan dialect and Mixed kočevje subdialects is a bit unclear and Kostel dialect might also extend down the Kupa river on Slovene side.[11]

Accentual changes

Kostel dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent, both on long and short vowels, which are still differentiated.[12][13] It also underwent three accent shifts: *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso, *visȍk → vìsok, and *kováč → *kòvač accent shift.[14][15]

Phonology

Almost all vowels have monophthongized, which sets this dialect apart from all other Lower Carniolan dialects.[16]

• Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ is pronounced as ẹː or ėː.
• Vowel *ō is pronounced as ọː or ȯː.
• Non-final *è and ē, as well as non-final *ę̀ and ę̄ are pronounced as i̯ẹː or ẹː.
• Similarly, non-final *ò and ǫ̀, as well as ǭ are pronounced as u̯ọː or ọː.
• Newly stressed *e and *o after ženȁ → žèna shift mostly got simplified into eː and oː, or ḙː and o̭ː, respectively.
• Non-final *ə̀ and *ə̄ turned into aː.
• Non-final *à and *ā turned into aː.
• Non-final *ì and *ī became iː.
• Non-final *ù and *ū became üː.
• Non-final *l̥̀ and *l̥̄ evolved into long or short u.
• Non-final *r̥̀ and *r̥̄ mostly evolved into ər, but some microdialects still pronounce them as r̥.

Akanye is not that common, but ukanye is, turning word-final o into ȯ or u. Unstressed *u is reduced into e̥, ė, ü or i. Unstressed *ə evolved into a. Banja Loka and Delač microdialects also have unstressed long vowels, which became unstressed after accent shifts.

Word-final *m mostly turned into *n. Palatal *ĺ and *ń have not depalatalized. If a word started with u, then v appeared before, and if a word started with a, j appeared before. It, however, lost the j before i at the beginning of a word. Alpine Slovene *w evolved into non-sonorant v, which devoices if at the end of a word or before a non-voiced consonant. Clusters ṷm- and ṷb- simplified into xm- and xb-, respectively. Other consonant simplifications also appeared, such as tl- → kl-.

Morphology

Dual forms were fully replaced by plural forms. Future and preterite tense are formed using the l-participle.[17]

Vocabulary

A priest and slavicist Jože Gregorič collected almost 17 000 words spoken in Slovene part of Kostel dialect, from Srobotnik to Grgelj, which is currently still listed as belonging to Mixed Kočevje subdialects and published a dictionary of Kostel dialect.[18][19]

References

Bibliography

• Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov. Collection Linguistica et philologica (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.
• Gostenčnik, Januška (2020). Kostelsko narečje. Slavistična revija (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU.

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