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Ona (Aona), also known as Selk'nam (Shelknam), is a language that is spoken by the Selk'nam people in Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego in southernmost South America.

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Ona
Selk'nam
Native to	Argentina, Chile
Region	Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego.
Ethnicity	Selk'nam
Extinct	1970s (is being revitalised by the modern community)[1]
Language family	Chonan † Chon proper † Island Chon † Ona
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ona
Glottolog	onaa1245
ELP	Ona

Part of the Chonan languages of Patagonia, Selk'nam is almost extinct, due both to the late 19th-century Selk'nam genocide by European immigrants, high fatalities due to disease and disruption of traditional society. One source states that the last fluent native speakers died in the 1980s,[2] A Radboud University linguist worked with speaker Herminia Vera-Ona who died in 2014 to write a reference grammar of the language.[3]

History

The Selk'nam people, also known as the 'Ona, are an indigenous people who inhabited the northeastern part of the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. They were nomads known as "foot-people," as they did their hunting on land, rather than being seafarers.

The last full-blooded Selk'nam, Ángela Loij, died in 1974. They were one of the last aboriginal groups in South America to be reached by Europeans. Their language, believed to be part of the Chonan family, is considered extinct as the last native speakers died in the 1980s. Currently, Selk'nam communities are revitalizing the language. A man of mixed Selk'nam and Mapuche ancestry, Joubert Yanten Gomez (indigenous name: Keyuk) has successfully taught himself the language.[4]

Phonology

Based on available data, Selk'nam seems to have had 3 vowels and 23 consonants.[3]

Selk'nam has three vowels: /a, ɪ, ʊ/.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
			dental	plain
Nasal		m		n
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p		t	t͡ʃ			k	q	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ		tʼ	t͡ʃʼ			kʼ	qʼ
Fricative			s̪	s		ʂ		x		h
Approximant				l			j	w
Flap				ɾ

Grammar

The Ona language is an object–verb–subject language (OVS), this is a rare word order (only 1% of languages use it as their default word order). There are only two word classes in Selk'nam: nouns and verbs.[5]

See also

• List of endangered languages
• Languages of Argentina
• Languages of Chile

References

External links

• Guillermo Latorre, Sustrato y superestrato multilingües en la toponimia del extremo sur de Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Austral de Chile
• WALS
• Selk'nam dictionary online (select simple or advanced browsing).
• Selknam (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

На других языках

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- [en] Ona language

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[es] Idioma selk'nam

El idioma selk'nam u ona (variantes de escritura: shelk'nam, selknam, shilk'nam,selk'nam) es una lengua chon meridional que era hablada por los selk'nam u onas en la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.

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[fr] Selknam (langue)

Le selknam (ou selk'nam, ona) est une langue chon parlée en Argentine, dans le Nord et le centre de la Terre de Feu par les Selknam[1].

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[ru] Она (язык)

Она (Aona, Choon, Ona, Selk’nam, Selknam, Shelknam) — мёртвый индейский язык, который принадлежит чонской семье языков, на котором раньше говорил народ селькнам, проживающий на Огненной Земле. Язык она сейчас исчез в связи с геноцидом народа селькнам европейскими иммигрантами в XIX веке, многие представители народа погибли из-за болезни и нарушения традиций общества. Последний носитель языка умер в 1980-х годах, но этническая группа селькнам продолжала существовать, потеряв свою землю, которую заняли европейские поселенцы, их шахты и крупный рогатый скот. В 2000 году появилось сообщение о группе в 150 человек, утверждающей этническую принадлежность к селькнам.

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