lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Alacalufan languages or Kawesqaran languages are a small language family of South America. They have not been definitely linked to any other American language family.[1][2]
Language family of South America
Alacalufan |
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Ethnicity | Alacaluf people |
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Geographic distribution | Chile |
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Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
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Subdivisions |
- Kawesqar
- Central Alacaluf †
- Southern Alacaluf †
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ISO 639-5 | aqa |
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Glottolog | kawe1237 |
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Languages
Early vocabularies show that Alakaluf was three languages, with an extinct Southern Alakaluf (vocabularies in Fitz-Roy 1839 and Hyades & Deniker 1891) and Central Alakaluf (vocabularies in Borgatello 1928, Marcel 1892, and Skottsberg 1913) in addition to the critically endangered northern variety, Kawésqar.[3]
Based on alleged toponymic evidence, a purported Kakauhua language has sometimes been included in the Alacalufan family.
Guaicaro may have been a dialect of Central Alakaluf or Kawesqar.
Mason (1950)
Mason (1950) lists:[4]
- Caucawe (Kaukahue, etc.)
- Enoo (Peshera)
- Lecheyel
- Yekinawe (Yequinahuere, etc.)
- Adwipliin
- Alikulip, Alakaluf, etc.
- Calen
- Taijatof
Chono, Caraica (Karaika), and Poya may also belong.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[5]
gloss | Northern Alcaluf | Southern Alcaluf | Kaueskar |
tongue |
lekél | paileaf | kalaktás |
hand |
palkár | yukebe | terwá |
water |
karkasa | arrét | chfalai |
moon |
dzyakapés | yakapech | kapánuk |
dog |
salki | shalki | kyurro |
fish |
xawoel | orol | keuwako |
canoe |
peler | cherru | kaief |
References
- Campbell, L. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Adelaar, W. F. H., & Muysken, P. C. (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Viegas Barros (1990, 2005), cited in Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Primary language families |
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Africa | |
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Eurasia (Europe and Asia) | |
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New Guinea and the Pacific | |
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Australia | |
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North America | |
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Mesoamerica | |
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South America | | Isolates (extant in 2000) | |
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Sign languages | | Isolates |
- See list of sign languages
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See also |
- Constructed languages
- Creoles
- Language isolates
- Mixed languages
- Pidgins
- Unclassified languages
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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Indigenous language families and isolates of South America (based on Campbell 2012 classification) |
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Language families and isolates | Je–Tupi–Carib |
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Eastern Brazil | |
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Orinoco (Venezuela) |
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Andes (Colombia and Venezuela) | |
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Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area) | |
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Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador) | |
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Pacific coast (Peru) | |
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Amazon (Peru) | |
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Amazon (west-central Brazil) | |
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Mamoré–Guaporé | |
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Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile) | |
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Chaco–Pampas | |
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Far South (Chile) | |
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Proposed groupings | |
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Linguistic areas |
- Chaco
- Mamoré–Guaporé
- Amazonian
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Countries |
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Colombia
- Chile
- Ecuador
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Venezuela
- Guyana
- Suriname
- French Guiana
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Lists |
- Languages
- Extinct languages
- Unclassified languages
- Classification
- Linguistic areas
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На других языках
[de] Alacaluf-Sprachen
Alacaluf (Kawesqaran) ist eine indigene südamerikanische Sprachfamilie in Chile, die aus nur zwei Sprachen besteht, von denen die eine (Kakauhua) bereits ganz und die andere (Kawesqar) fast ausgestorben ist.
- [en] Alacalufan languages
[fr] Langues alakalufanes
Les langues alakalufanes, aussi appelées langues kawesqaranes sont une petite famille de langues amérindiennes d'Amérique du Sud, parlée, au Chili en Terre de Feu par les Alakalufs.
[ru] Алакалуфские языки
Алакалуфские языки — семья индейских языков Южной Америки[1], носителями которых были алакалуфы (группа коренных народов крайнего юга Патагонии). Состоит из двух языков: какауа к настоящему времени исчез, а язык кавескар (или собственно алакалуфский) находится под угрозой исчезновения.[2]
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