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Arabic Afrikaans (Arabies Afrikaans, عربس افركانس) or Lisan-e-Afrikaans (لسانِ افرکانس) was a form of Afrikaans written in Arabic script. It began in the 1830s in the madrasa in Cape Town. Beside a 16th-century manuscript in the German language written with Arabic script,[1] it is the only Germanic language known to have been written in an Arabic script.[2]

Arabic Afrikaans
عربس افركانس
Script type
Abjad
DirectionRight-to-left
Languages
Related scripts
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Letters



Overview


the Arabic Afrikāns alphabet
ݗ خ ح چ ج ث ت پ ب ا
ksā khā chīm jīm
thā
’alif
ط ض ص ش س ژ ز ر ذ د
tāh zād
dād
sād shīn sīn zhā zāl
dhāl
dāl
گ ک ق ڤ ف ڠ ݝ غ ع ظ
gāf kāf qāf ngīn gīn ghīn aīn zāh
dāh
ے ی أ،ؤ،ئ ء و ه ن م ل لا
hamzā alif,
hamza wāw,
hamza yā
hamzā wāw nūn mīm lām lām alif

The Arabic Afrikaans (Afrikaans: alifbe) is a variant of the Arabic alphabet used to write Afrikaans. It consists of 36 letters:

Afrikaans Alphabet
YyWw-HhNnMmLlGg/gg Gh/ghKk/CcW/wFf/VvNg/ngGg/Gh gg/ghCh/Gh ch/gh-ZzTtZzSs Sj sjSs/CcSsZzRrZzDd/TtCh chHhXxTj tjDj djSsTt/DdPp/Bb Bb-
Arabic Alphabet
یوءہنملگکڤفڠݝ غعظطضصشسژزرذدخحݗچجثتپ با
IPA value
jwʔɦnmlgkvfŋgɣʔ(ʕ)ztzsʃsʒzrz(ð)dxɦ(ħ)kst͡ʃd͡ʒs(θ)tpbʔ

Note: This alphabet is the Persian form of the Arabic alphabet, with 36 letters, including extra letters for sounds that are not in the Arabic alphabet.


Vowels


Afrikaans Latin Alphabet Pronunciation Afrikaans Arabic Alphabet
a /ɐ/ ـَ
aa /ɑː/ ـَآ،ـَا
ie /i/ ـِ
eeu/eu/uu /iʊ/ɪə/y/ ـِى
e/è /ɛ/ ىٖ
oe /u/ ـُ
oo /ʊə/ ـُوْ
oei/ooi /uɪ/ɔːɪ/ ـُوی
ô /ɔː/ ـُو
î /əː/ ـَـِى
ee /eə/ ـِىْ
e /ɛ/ ویْ
i /i~ə/ ـِـَ
ê /eː/ɛː/ ـَـِـٖ
o /ɔ/ ـَـُ
i /ə/ ـٖى،ـَـِ
û /œ/œː/ ـَوی
ei /ɛi/ آی
ai /aj/ ـَى
aai /ɑːi/ ـَای،آی

Phonology



Consonants


Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Dorsal Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ k (q) (ʔ)
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ χ
voiced v z ʒ (ʁ) ɦ
Approximant w l j
Rhotic r

Texts


Arabisi-Afrikaans 1872
Arabisi-Afrikaans 1872

Seventy-four Arabic Afrikaans texts are extant. The earliest, the "Hidyat al-Islam", is dated 1845, though its source manuscript no longer exists. The oldest surviving manuscript, which describes the basic Islamic learning, was written by the imam Abdul-Kahhar ibn Abdul-Malik in 1868. The most professional version was written in 1869 by Abu Bakr Effendi, who came from Istanbul to the Cape in 1862.


Uiteensetting van die Godsdiens


One of the best examples of this literature was Uiteensetting van die Godsdiens ("Exposition of the Religion"), a book laying out Islamic traditions according to the Hanafi religious law. Written by Abu Bakr Effendi, it was printed using Arabic script throughout, but contained transcriptions of Afrikaans.

According to one of the three experts in this field, the German Hans Kähler [de], about 20 people were responsible for the text, but the most important contributors to Arabic Afrikaans opinion were:

This is a paragraph of the book Uiteensetting van die godsdiens:

The Arabic-alphabet version uses an Arabic word in several places where modern Afrikaans uses a Germanic word, e.g. dunya دنيا for wêreld, meaning "world". The Arabic words are entirely unknown in Afrikaans.

Without the above Translation into modern standard Afrikaans (which is in itself not standard Afrikaans although much closer to it), it is nearly impossible for an Afrikaans-speaking person to understand the above Transcription of the Arabic-alphabet text. Some words do however appear to resemble phonetic transliterations between Arabic script and the version of Afrikaans spoken by Cape Coloured people, mixed with Dutch.

Islam arrived among the Malays during the early 15th century and these works were most likely teaching tools; a way for Muslim teachers to instruct Malay slaves in the Cape while not necessarily being able to speak Dutch very well or at all.


Qur'an


An example that used Arabic vowels was a handwritten Arabic–Afrikaans bilingual Quran (perhaps written in the 1880s). In it, for example, Surah 67, Ayah 1 says:[3]

Arabic: Afrikaans:
No diacritics
تبارك الذي بيده الملك
ان دى كونڠ سكپ اس بيدى هوك الله تعالا ان ڤارلك الله تعالا اس باس فر الدى اتس
With diacritics
تَبَارَكَ ٱلَّذِيْ بِيَدِهِ ٱلمُلْكُ
ان دى كُوْنِڠْ سْكَپْ اس بِيْدِىْ هُوْكَ الله تعالا ان ڤَارْلِكْ الله تعالَا اِسْ بَاس فَِرْ اَلْدِىْ اِتْسْ
Transliterated tabāraka -llaḏī bi-yadihi l-mulk[u]°n dī kūnuň skap is bīdī hūka Allah ta`ālā °n vārlik Allah ta`ālā is bās fir aldī its
In Conventional Afrikaans -En die koningskap is by die hoë Allah ta`ālā en waarlik Allah ta`ālā is die baas van alle dinge.
In English Blessed is the One in Whose hand is the kingdom.And the kingship is with the high Allah (may He be exalted) and truly Allah (may He be exalted) is the boss of all things.

(° = vowel sign missing, ň = /ŋ/ as in "king", ʿ = ayn, underlined = in Arabic.)

Here in the Afrikaans text:


Lexicon


Arabic Afrikaans English translation Etymology Afrikaans Equivalent
Kitaabکتاب book Arabic كتاب Boekبک
dunyaدنیا world Arabic دنيا Wêreldڤرلت
Aqlعقل intellect Arabic عقل
Ilmعلم knowledge Arabic علم Kennisکنس
Waqtوقت time Arabic وقت tydتآیت
Akhiratآخرت Hereafter Arabic آخرت hiernaهرنا
Halaalحلال permitted Arabic حلال
Haraamحرام Forbidden Arabic حرام
Haqحق rights Arabic حق reg رخترخ
Maqsadمقصد Goal Arabic مقصد doelدل
Sawalسوال Question Arabic سوال vraagفراخ
Jawabجواب Answer Arabic جواب Antwoordانتڤیرت
Jannatجنت heaven Arabic جنة (construct case) hemel همل
Jahanaamجهنم Hell Arabic جهنم hel هیل
Izzatعزت respect Arabic عزة (construct case) respekرسپیک
Zillat / Dhillatذلت disrespect Arabic ذلة (construct case) beledigenبلدغی
awwalاول start, beginning Arabic اول beginبغن
akhirآخر end, last Arabic آخر einde اندی
dinدین religion Arabic دين godsdiensختسدنس
Rizqرزق sustenance Arabic رزق
ustadاستاد teacher Persian استاد onderwyserاندرڤآیزر
Qaiserقیصر Caesar Arabic قيصر from Latin Caesarتسزغ/ سزغ
lisanلسان language Arabic لسان taalتال
duaدعا prayer Arabic دعاء bedبت
sabrصبر patience Arabic صبر geduldغدلت
salat
namaz
صلات
نماز
ritual prayer Arabic صلاة (construct case), Persian (نماز) rituele gebedبرتییل خبویت
dawatدعوت invitation
(Islamic missionary activity)
Arabic دعوة (construct case) uitnodigingاوییتنودغڠ
Falsafahفلسفه philosophy Arabic فلسفة from Greek filosofieفلوسوفی
Fitnahفتنه trial and tribulation Arabic فتنة ("strife" / "sedition") burgeroorlogبویرخررلخ
ibaadatعبادت worship Arabic عبادة (construct case) aanbiddingآنبدڠ
imanایمان faith Arabic إيمان geloofخلوف
millatملت personal law Ottoman Turkish ملت from Arabic ملة (construct case) persoonlike regپرسنلک رخ
yaqinیقین certainty, Arabic يقين zekerheidزکرہآیت
Usulاصول principles Arabic أصول beginselبغنسل
Barakatبرکت blessing Arabic بركة (construct case) seënسن
hasanحسن good Arabic حسن goedغت
hikmatحکمت wisdom Arabic حکمة (construct case) wysheidڤسهت
Baazaarبازار market Persian بازار Baazaarبازار
nikahنکاح marriage Arabic نكاح (archaic) bruiloftبروییلفت
Qiyaamatقیامت Day of Resurrection Arabic قيامة (construct case, "judgment day") dag des oordeelsدخ دی اوردلس
alamعالم world Arabic عالم Wêreldڤرلت
insanانسان human Arabic إنسان mensمنس
haiwanحیوان animal Arabic حيوان dierدر
jahilجاهل ignorant Arabic جاهل onwetendانڤتنت
wazirوزیر minister Arabic وزير ministerمنستر
daftarدفتر notebook Arabic دفتر Notaboekنوتابک
fasadفساد corruption Arabic فساد korrupsieکریپس
hayatحیات life Arabic حياة (construct case) leweلوی
mautموت death Arabic موت doodدوت
sabtسبت saturday Arabic سبت Saterdagساترداخ
shamsشمس sun Arabic شمس sonسن
junubجنوب south Arabic جنوب suidسویت
qamarقمر moon Arabic قمر maanمان
najmنجم star Arabic نجم sterستیر
zawjaزوجه wife Arabic زوجة vrouفروی
zawjزوج couple Arabic زوج paarپار
shamaalشمال north Arabic شمال noordنورت
gharb/maghribمغرب
غرب
west Arabic مغرب
غرب
westڤیست
yaumیوم day Arabic يوم dagدخ
laylatلیلت night Arabic ليلة (construct case) nagنخ
sharq/mashriqمشرق
شرق
east Arabic مشرق
شرق
oostاوست

Numerals


Arabic Afrikaans used Eastern Arabic numerals.[dubious ] The following is the list of basic cardinal numerals with the spelling in the Afrikaans Latin alphabet:

Arabic formNumberAfrikaans Arabic Alphabet (with diacritics)[4]Afrikaans Arabic Alphabet (without diacritics)Afrikaans Latin Alphabet
٠ 0نَویل/صِفِرنویل/صفرnul/siefier
١ 1اَِٖنانeen
٢ 2تڤِیْتڤیtvee
٣ 3درِدرdrie
٤ 4ڤِرڤرvier
٥ 5ڤآیفڤآیفvyf
٦ 6سیٖسسیسses
٧ 7سَِٖڤٖیسڤیseve
٨ 8اَختاختagt
٩ 9نَِٖغٖینغیnege
١٠ 10تنٖتنtien

See also



References


  1. compare the Lutheran hymn Vater unser im Himmelreich in the following picture. [Martin Luther]: Alaman Türkīsi. In: [Anon.]: Meǧmūʿa. [o.O.u.J.] fol. 40r.-41v. http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00642162 also the digitalization of the full picture http://data.onb.ac.at/dtl/3373545 (accessed 2019-01-15).
  2. "List of issues Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies". www.tandfonline.com.
  3. Michael Cook, The Koran, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-285344-9, p. 93
  4. "Arabic Afrikaans – early standardisation of Afrikaans orthography: A discussion of The Afrikaans of the Cape Muslims by Achmat Davids".





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