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Arebica (عَرَبٖٮڄا) is a Bosnian variant of the Arabic script used to write the Bosnian language. It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of Aljamiado literature. Before World War I there were unsuccessful efforts by Bosniaks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to adopt Arebica as the third official alphabet for Yugoslavian alongside Latin and Cyrillic.

Arebica
Script type	Alphabet, based upon the Perso-Arabic script
Time period	15th–20th century
Languages	Bosnian

South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic Serbo-Croatian Standard languages Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian (Slavonic-Serbian) Dialects Shtokavian (Bunjevac Dubrovnik Eastern Herzegovinian Zeta-Raška Smederevo–Vršac Šumadija–Vojvodina Užican) Chakavian (Burgenland Molise) Kajkavian Torlakian Accents Ekavian Ijekavian Ikavian Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Slovene Dialects (Prekmurje Slovene Resian)
Eastern South Slavic Church Slavonic (Old) Bulgarian Dialects Banat Torlakian Meshterski Macedonian Dialects (Western Southeastern Northern Torlakian) Spoken Macedonian Standard Macedonian
Transitional dialects Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian Torlakian Croatian–Slovenian Kajkavian Bulgarian–Macedonian Slavic dialects of Greece
Alphabets Modern Gaj's Latina Serbian Cyrillic Bulgarian Cyrillic Macedonian Cyrillic Montenegrin Slavica Slovene Historical Bohoričica Dajnčica Metelčica Arebica Bosnian Cyrillic Glagolitic Early Cyrillic a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.
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Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.

Origin

Arebica was based on the Perso-Arabic script of the Ottoman Empire, with added letters for /t͡s/, /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, which are not found in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as with Kurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base.

The final version of Arebica was devised by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević at the end of the 19th century. His version is called Matufovica, Matufovača or Mektebica.

Contemporary use

The first literary work to be published in Arebica for 64 years (since 1941) was a comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005 (authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi). The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.

The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")[1] in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.

Alphabet

The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević.

Latin	Cyrillic	Arebica
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial
A a	А а	ـآ		آ
B b	Б б	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
C c	Ц ц	ـڄ	ـڄـ	ڄـ	ڄ
Č č	Ч ч	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ [b]
Ć ć	Ћ ћ
D d	Д д	ـد		د
Dž dž	Џ џ	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج [c]
Đ đ	Ђ ђ
E e	Е е	ـە		ە
F f	Ф ф	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
G g	Г г	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
H h	Х х	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح
I i	И и	ـاٖى ـٖى	ـاٖٮـ ـٖٮـ	اٖٮـ	اٖى [a]
J j	Ј ј	ـي	ـيـ	يـ	ي
K k	К к	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
L l	Л л	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
Lj lj	Љ љ	ـڵ	ـڵـ	ڵـ	ڵ
M m	М м	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م
N n	Н н	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
Nj nj	Њ њ	ـںٛ	ـٮٛـ	ٮٛـ	ںٛ [b]
O o	О о	ـۉ		ۉ
P p	П п	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ
R r	Р р	ـر		ر
S s	С с	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
Š š	Ш ш	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
T t	Т т	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
U u	У у	ـۆ		ۆ
V v	В в	ـو		و
Z z	З з	ـز		ز
Ž ž	Ж ж	ـژ		ژ

Notes

Ligatures

Like the standard Arabic alphabet, when ا connects to either ل or ڵ a special ligature is used instead.

Latin	Cyrillic	Arebica
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial
la	ла	ـلا		لا
lja	ља	ـڵا		ڵا

Prior to standardization, the most widespread Arebica conventions were based on Ottoman Turkish conventions, and similar to contemporary aljamiado conventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written using matres lectionis, with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as <ە>. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spelt as <ن>, <ل> and <چ>. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both typically spelt as <ك>, due to the Persian letter <گ> not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with <ق> and <غ>.[2]

Text examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Bosnian (Arebica):	سوا ڵۆدسقا بٖٮڃا راݗايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا وٖ يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ وٖ پراوٮما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم وٖ سوۀشڃۆ وٖ ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا.
Bosnian (Latinica):	Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.
Bosnian (Ćirilica):	Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства.
English:	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tehran

Bosnian (Arebica)	تَهْرَان يە غلاونٖى وٖ نايوەڃٖى غراد إِيرَانا، سەدٖٮشتە تەحەرانسقە پۉقرايٖٮنە وٖ يەدان ۉد نايوەڃٖٮح غرادۉوا سوۀتا.	[citation needed]
Bosnian (Latinica):	Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta.
Bosnian (Ćirilica):	Техеран је главни и највећи град Ирана, сједиште Техеранске покрајине и један од највећих градова свијета.
English:	Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world.

See also

• Aljamiado
• Sevdah
• Belarusian Arabic alphabet, another script used by Slavic-speaking Muslims
• Chirvat-türkisi
• Gaj's Latin alphabet
• Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi
• Category:Arabic alphabets

External links

• Ottoman Turkish / Arabic keyboard (including Bosnian characters)
• UDHR in Arebica (Bosnian)
• Adnan Tufekčić, Arebica in Bosnia – Short Notes and One Review: From the Treasury of Bosnian Authentic Syncretism, Spirit of Bosnia No 15 (04), 2020

References

• Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda, entry: Arabica. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1966

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