Teochew Romanization, also known as Swatow Church Romanization, or locally Pe̍h-ūe-jī (白話字, literally "Vernacular orthography"), is an orthography similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī used to write the Chaoshan dialect (including the Teochew dialect and Swatow dialect). It was introduced by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two British missionaries, to Swatow in 1875.

Teochew Romanization Tiê-chiu Pe̍h-ūe-jī 潮州白話字
Bible in Teochew Romanised (1 Samuel), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1915
Script type	Latin alphabet (modified)
Creator	John Campbell Gibson William Duffus
Time period	c. 1875 — ?
Languages	Swatow dialect and Teochew dialect
Related scripts
Parent systems	Latin script Church Romanization Teochew Romanization
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

History

Romanization of Teochew can be traced back to the 1840s. The earliest attempt to write the language in the Latin script was undertaken by Baptist missionary William Dean in his 1841 publication First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect published in Bangkok, Thailand[1]; however, his tonal system was said to be incomplete.[2]

The first complete orthographic system was devised by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two Presbyterianism missionaries, in 1875. The orthography was generally based on the Pe̍h-ōe-jī system, another work of presbyterian origin devised for the Amoy dialect. The first translation of the Gospel of Luke in Swatow romanization was published in 1876.[2][3] It has been said that the vernacular orthographic system is more easier for illiterate persons to learn in their own mother tongue.

Besides Gibson and Duffus's original romanization system, several variations of the system were later devised, such as those by William Ashmore (1884)[4] and Lim Hiong Seng (1886).[5]

Other systems developed by Baptist missionaries such as Adele Marion Fielde (1883) and Josiah Goddard (1888) were generally used as a means of phonetic notation instead of a full orthographic system.[2][3]

Through the church's use of the romanization system, the number of users of the system grew and came to its high point in the 1910s. However, starting in the 1920s, the Chinese government promoted education in Mandarin and more people learned to read and write in Chinese characters. Thus, the promotion of romanized vernacular writing become less necessary.[2][3] By the 1950s, there were an estimated one thousand users of the system remaining in the Chaoshan area.[6]

Spelling schemes

Alphabet

The orthography uses 18 letters of the basic Latin alphabet.

Initial

The onset in Teochew are listed as below:[7]

The latin alphabets in the table represent the onset with its pronunciation in IPA, followed by the example of Chinese word and its translation in Teochew romanization.

The affricate consonants ts/ch, tsh/chh, and z/j are three allophone pairs where those voiced and voiceless alveolar affricate will shift to voiced and voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate correspondingly when they meet with close or close-mid front vowels (i, e).

Finals

The rhymes used in the orthography are listed below:[7]

The latin alphabet sets in the table represent the spelling of syllable final in the system with its pronunciation in IPA, followed by the example of Chinese word and its translation in Teochew romanization.

Nowadays, in most part of Chaoshan cities, almost all alveolar-codas (-n/-t) have shifted to velar (-ng/-k), therefore, they are unseen in 1960's Peng'im system. However, these codas are still present among native speakers particularly in few border townships like Fenghuang (鳳凰), Sanrao (三饒), and Nan'ao.

Tones

There are 8 tones in Teochew and mark as below,

Both first and fourth tones are unmarking but both could be differenced by their coda-endings: those ending with stop consonants such as -p, -t, -k, and -h are belong to the fourth, and those simple and nasal vowels, or ending in nasal consonants (-m, -n, -ng), are belong to the first.

The tone sandhi is not marked in the writing system but only apply in the reading. Basically, for any phrase that more than one word (a syllable), sandhi applied to all words except the last one in each phrase.

For example, in Swatow dialect, Tiê-chiu Pe̍h-ūe-jī will be pronounced as Tiē-chiu Peh-ùe-jī where all words in the term are in their own sandhi except the last word jī.

References