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Aari (also rendered Ari, Ara, Aro, Aarai) is an Omotic language spoken by the Aari people in the South Omo Zone of Ethiopia.

Aari
Native toEthiopia
Regionnorth central Omo Region
Native speakers
290,000[1]
Language family
Afro-Asiatic
  • Omotic
    • South
      • Aari
Language codes
ISO 639-3aiw
Glottologaari1239

Dialects are Bako, Biyo (Biya), Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer, Zeddo.


History


The Aari people suffered considerable pressures to assimilate after the conquest of the Omo River region by the Ethiopian Empire in the late 1800s, which resulted in the widespread adoption the Amharic language there. Nevertheless, the Aari language survived; today, many Aari are also fluent in Amharic.[2]


Current status


Aari had a population of 285,000 first language speakers in 2007, of whom 129,350 were monolingual. 13,300 second language users were also recorded in 2007.[1] The ethnic population was 289,835 as of 2007.[3]:73

Aari is used at home and at local markets. The size of the Aari tribe is growing, and thus the Aari language has seen an increase in language use and development in recent years. The language is learned by all of the Aari people and some members of neighboring tribes as well. Many Aari speakers also use Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia.[1]

Although it is widely spoken by Aari people, literacy in the language low.[4] An orthography has been developed and rolled out in local schools; today, all schools in the two districts where it is spoken teach Aari writing and literature as a subject. An Aari-English-Amharic dictionary has also been published.[5] A translation of the New Testament into Aari was published in 1997.[6]


Dialects


There are nine dialects of the Aari language, each dialect being associated with a former chiefdom. While these dialects are mutually intelligible with one another, some also have distinct features.

The following are dialects of Aari. Alternate names are given in parenthesis.


Phonology


Aari Consonant Phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k q
voiced b d g
glottalized ɗ ʔ
Affricate pulmonic ts
ejective tsʼ tʃʼ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ
voiced z ʒ ɦ
Trill r
Approximant ʋ l j
Aari Vowel Phonemes
Front Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Aari has two tones, high and low.


Grammar


Aari is a subject-object-verb language (SOV), meaning that the English sentence "the cow (subject) ate (verb) the grass (object)" would translate back from Aari as "cow (subject) grass (object) ate (verb)."


Verbs


In Aari, the suffix -sis can be applied to the stem of most verbs with a causative meaning. Doing so will increase the verb's valency. When applied to an intransitive verb, it will make the verb transitive. For example, the intransitive verb stem daqal- "become bad" with the marker -sis becomes daqalsis-, is transitive and has the causative meaning "make bad". The transitive verb kam- "pick up" with -sis becomes kamsis-, is trivalent and has the meaning "cause to pick up".[citation needed]


Example verb conjugation


Verb stem buruk, meaning "boil."

The causative stem of buruk- is burukš-, making this verb irregular.

"To boil" is burukinti. This consists of the stem buruk with the infinitive (also called the verbal noun suffix) -inti.

The causative third-person singular perfect (past tense) of burukinti is búrukse ("it boiled").

The present tense is búrukše, "he boils [something]."

A sentence can be formed with the verb buruk by adding a noun as an object (something being boiled). Búrukše... means "he boiled...", so "he boiled water" would be noqá búrukše.

Note that in Aari the object comes before the verb; búrukše noqá is not correct.


Orthography


Aari uses a Latin script and an Ethiopic script, but below 10% of Aari speakers can read. Schooling is not well developed in this region of the world, so Aari is mostly spoken rather than written down and most speakers have no use for the language's two writing systems. However, despite this, there are schools in numerous villages and there are efforts to promote education and literacy. At present, 8% of second language users are literate in Aari.

The New Testament was translated into Aari in 1997. Additionally, some other books have been translated into Aari to help promote literacy; Genesis Exodus, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, Esther, Ruth, Psalms, Leviticus, Joshua and Judges have all been translated into Aari, but at present only Genesis has been published. Some external organizations are working with Aari churches to write a complete Aari Bible and increase the literacy rate.


Vocabulary



Bibliography



References


  1. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. "Ethnologue aiw". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International.
  2. Gebre, Yntiso (December 2010). "Cultural contact and change in naming practices among the Aari of southwest Ethiopia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 22 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1080/13696815.2010.506387. ISSN 1369-6815.
  3. "Ethiopian Census 2007". csa.gov.et. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  4. Lewis, M. Paul (2005). "Towards a categorization of endangerment of the world's languages". SIL Electronic Working Papers 2006.
  5. Halvorsen, Tor; Skare Orgeret, Kristin; Krøvel, Roy (2019). Sharing Knowledge, Transforming Societies : The Norhed Programme 2013-2020. African Minds.
  6. Abayneh, Leyon (2018-05-05). "Perceptions by Aari speakers of factors that affect the use of vernacular sctripture in the Aari community". Dissertation. Africa International University.



На других языках


[de] Aari (Sprache)

Aari (auch Ari, Selbstbezeichnung afa-n ari) ist die Sprache des Volkes der Aari im südlichen Äthiopien.
- [en] Aari language

[es] Idioma arí

El arí (también llamada aari, ara, aro, aarai) es una lengua omótica de Etiopía. Los hablantes de esta lengua son los miembros del pueblo aari, también conocidos como Shankilla (o Shanqella), un nombre que es considerado despectivo. De acuerdo al censo de 1998 más de 150 000 personas hablan Arí como lengua materna.[1][2]

[fr] Aari (langue)

L'aari (autonyme, ʔaːrí) est une langue afro-asiatique de la branche des langues omotiques parlée par les Aari dans la zone Debub Omo de la Région des nations, nationalités et peuples du Sud d'Éthiopie.

[ru] Аари

Аари, или ари, ― язык омотской языковой семьи, распространённый на юге Эфиопии. Носители этого языка известны под названием шанкилла (или шанкелла), которое является пейоративом; большинство носителей неграмотны[2]. Первый перевод Нового Завета на аари был опубликован в 1997 году.



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