lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Berta proper, a.k.a. Gebeto, is spoken by the Berta (also Bertha, Barta, Burta) in Sudan and Ethiopia.
| Berta | |
|---|---|
| Gebeto | |
| Native to | Sudan and Ethiopia |
| Region | Benishangul-Gumuz |
| Ethnicity | Berta people, Wetawit |
Native speakers | 370,000 all Berta languages (2006–2007)[1] 80% monolingual in Ethiopia (1998 census)[2] |
Language family | Nilo-Saharan?
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wti (all Berta languages) |
| Glottolog | bert1248 |
The three Berta languages, Gebeto, Fadashi and Undu, are often considered dialects of a single language. Berta proper includes the dialects Bake, Dabuso, Gebeto, Mayu, and Shuru; the dialect name Gebeto may be extended to all of Berta proper.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | (cʼ) | kʼ | (ʔ) | ||
| implosive | ɗ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | h | |
| ejective | sʼ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | |||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
- Voiced plosives /b, d, ɡ/ may be heard as voiceless [p, t, k] in free variation, word-initially or word-finally.
- A glottal stop [ʔ] mainly occurs between vowels, and may also be heard before word-initial vowel sounds.
- Nasal-stop sequences may occur morpheme-initially as [mb, nd, ŋɡ, ŋkʼ].
- /ŋ/ is heard as [ɲ] when preceding a front vowel /i/ or /e/.
- /kʼ/ is heard as a palatal [cʼ] when before front vowels.
- /ɡ/ can be heard as voiced palatal [ɟ] or as a voiceless palatal [c] when before front vowels.
- /h/ in word-final position can be heard as a fricative [x].
- /s, θ/ may sometimes occur as slightly voiced [z, ð] in vocalic or nasal environments.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | |
| Open | a aː |
- If a non-closed vowel sound, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, are adjacent to a closed vowel sound like /i/ or /u/ within vowel harmony, they are then heard as more closed [e, o].[3]
| Phoneme | Allophone |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [ɨ~ɘ], [ɨ], [ɪ] |
| /a/ | [a], [ə], [æ], [ɜ], [ɐ] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʉ], [ʊ] |
Pronouns
The pronouns of Berta are as follows:
| Topic | Postverbal subject | Postverbal object | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | àl(ì) | -lɪ́ɪ̀ | -ɟì |
| you (sg.) | (à)ŋɡó | -ŋó | -ŋɡó |
| he, she, it | ɲìnè | -né | ɲìnè, -né |
| we | χàtâŋ | -ŋàa | χàtâŋ |
| you (pl.) | χàtú | χátú | χàtú |
| they | mèrée | mérée | mèrée |
See also
- Berta word lists (Wiktionary)
Bibliography
- Torben Andersen. "Aspects of Berta phonology". Afrika und Übersee 76: pp. 41–80.
- Torben Andersen. "Absolutive and Nominative in Berta". ed. Nicolai & Rottland, Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. Nice, 24–29 August 1992. Proceedings. (Nilo-Saharan 10). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 1995. pp. 36–49.
- M. Lionel Bender. "Berta Lexicon". In Bender (ed.), Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics (Nilo-Saharan 3), pp. 271–304. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag 1989.
- E. Cerulli. "Three Berta dialects in western Ethiopia", Africa, 1947.
- Susanne Neudorf & Andreas Neudorf: Bertha - English - Amharic Dictionary. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development Project 2007.
- A. N. Tucker & M. A. Bryan. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. London: Oxford University Press 1966.
- A. Triulzi, A. A. Dafallah, and M. L. Bender. "Berta". In Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University 1976, pp. 513–532.
External links
- World Atlas of Language Structures information on Berta
- Website maintained by the language community, including published literature and an online dictionary
References
- Berta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Berta language at Ethnologue (14th ed., 2000).
- Neudorf, Susanne (2016). Phonology of Berta. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Authority control | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
| Other |
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На других языках
[de] Berta (Sprache)
Berta (auch: Beni Shangul, Bertha, Barta, Burta, Wetawit, Jebelawi) ist eine afrikanische Sprache, die in Äthiopien von rund 125.000 (Stand 1994) und im Sudan von etwa 22.000 Menschen gesprochen wird (Stand von 1998)[1].- [en] Berta language
[es] Idioma berta
La berta o gebeto se habla en Sudán y Etiopía por los miembros de la etnia berta.[fr] Berta (langue)
Le berta est une langue parlée au Soudan et en Éthiopie, qui fait partie des langues nilo-sahariennes. La langue suit la syntaxe SVO classique. C'est une langue tonale, les tons sont marqués orthographiquement par des accents. C'est une langue ergative.[it] Lingua berta
La lingua berta o Wetawit, viene parlata in Sudan ed in Etiopia dai popoli di etnia Berta e Witawit, stanziati sul confine dei due stati.[ru] Берта (язык)
Бе́рта — язык народа берта, населяющего приграничные регионы Эфиопии и Судана (провинции Бенишангул-Гумуз и Голубой Нил соответственно). Число носителей около 367 тыс. человек, из них 187 тыс. в Эфиопии (2007) и 180 тыс. в Судане (2006)[1]. Изолированный язык, возможно входящий в нило-сахарскую семью. Тональный язык.Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
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