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Ancient Macedonian, the language of the ancient Macedonians, either a dialect of Ancient Greek, or a separate Hellenic language, was spoken in the kingdom of Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC and belongs to the Indo-European language family. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the Hellenistic period.[4] It became extinct during either the Hellenistic or Roman imperial period, and was entirely replaced by Koine Greek.[5]

For the modern Slavic language, see Macedonian language.
For other uses, see Ancient Macedonian (disambiguation).
Macedonian
RegionMacedon
Era1st millennium BC[1]
Language family
Language codes
ISO 639-3xmk
Linguist List
xmk
GlottologNone

While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),[6][7] fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet.[8][9][10] This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek, and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect or a distinct sister language of Greek.


Classification


Due to the fragmentary attestation of this dialect or language, various interpretations are possible.[11][12] Suggested classifications of ancient Macedonian include:[13][14]


Properties


Because of the fragmentary sources of Ancient Macedonian, only a little is understood about the special features of the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) sometimes appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written β, δ, γ), whereas they were generally unvoiced as /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (φ, θ, χ) elsewhere in Ancient Greek.[27]

If γοτάν gotán ('pig') is related to *gwou ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic βοῦς boûs). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Laconian Doric (the dialect of Sparta) γλεπ- glep- for common Greek βλεπ- blep-, as well as Doric γλάχων gláchōn and Ionic γλήχων glēchōn for common Greek βλήχων blēchōn.[30]

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: κάναδοι kánadoi, 'jaws' (< PIE *genu-); κόμβους kómbous, 'molars' (< PIE *gombh-); within words: ἀρκόν arkón (Attic ἀργός argós); the Macedonian toponym Akesamenai, from the Pierian name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek agassomai, agamai, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Agassamenos).

In Aristophanes' The Birds, the form κεβλήπυρις keblēpyris ('red head', the name of a bird, perhaps the goldfinch or redpoll) is found,[31] showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus κεφαλή kephalē ('head'). Emilio Crespo wrote that "the voicing of voiceless stops and the development of aspirates into voiced fricatives turns out to be the outcome of an internal development of Macedonian as a dialect of Greek" without excluding "the presence of interference from other languages or of any linguistic substrate or adstrate", as also argued by M. Hatzopoulos.[32]

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius of Alexandria' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrouwes (αβρουϝες), with tau (Τ) replacing a digamma.[33] If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.[citation needed]

A. Panayotou summarizes some features generally identified through ancient texts and epigraphy:[34]


Phonology



Morphology


Ancient Macedonian morphology is shared with ancient Epirus, including some of the oldest inscriptions from Dodona.[36] The morphology of the first declension nouns with an -ας ending is also shared with Thessalian (e.g. Epitaph for Pyrrhiadas, Kierion[37]).


Onomastics



Anthroponymy


M. Hatzopoulos and Johannes Engels summarize the Macedonian anthroponymy (that is names borne by people from Macedonia before the expansion beyond the Axios or people undoubtedly hailing from this area after the expansion) as follows:[38][39]

Common in the creation of ethnics is the use of -έστης, -εστός especially when derived from sigmatic nouns (ὄρος > Ὀρέστης but also Δῖον > Διασταί).[34]

Per Engels, the above material supports that Macedonian anthroponymy was predominantly Greek in character.[39]


Toponymy


The toponyms of Macedonia proper are generally Greek, though some of them show a particular phonology and a few others are non-Greek.


Calendar


Further information: Ancient Macedonian calendar

The Macedonian calendar's origins go back to Greek prehistory. The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods.[40] Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well.[40] According to Martin P. Nilsson, the Macedonian calendar is formed like a regular Greek one and the names of the months attest the Greek nationality of the Macedonians.[40]


Epigraphy


Macedonian onomastics: the earliest epigraphical documents attesting substantial numbers of Macedonian proper names are the second Athenian alliance decree with Perdiccas II (~417–413 BC), the decree of Kalindoia (~335–300 BC) and seven curse tablets of the 4th century BC bearing mostly names.[41][42]

About 99% of the roughly 6,300 inscriptions discovered by archaeologists within the confines of ancient Macedonia were written in the Greek language, using the Greek alphabet.[44] The legends in all currently discovered coins also in Greek.[44] The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek dialect, found in 1986 and dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialect group.[45]


Hesychius' glossary


A body of idiomatic words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names, though the number of considered words sometimes differs from scholar to scholar. The majority of these words can be confidently assigned to Greek albeit some words would appear to reflect a dialectal form of Greek. There are, however, a number of words that are not easily identifiable as Greek and reveal, for example, voiced stops where Greek shows voiceless aspirates.[46]

⟨†⟩ marked words which have been corrupted.


Other sources



Proposed


A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian[69]


Macedonian in Classical sources


Further information: Greek historiography

Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as ὕμμες ὡττικοί for ὑμεὶς ἀττικοί "you Athenians", ὕμμες being also attested in Homer, Sappho (Lesbian) and Theocritus (Doric), while ὡττικοί appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.[70]

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolians in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians, Acarnanians and Macedonians were "men of the same language".[71] This has been interpreted as referring to a shared North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).[72] In another passage, Livy states that an announcement was translated from Latin to Greek for Macedonians to understand.[73]

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Philotas's trial[74] and the statement that the Greek-speaking Branchidae had common language with the Macedonians.[75]

Over time, "Macedonian" (μακεδονικός), when referring to language (and related expressions such as μακεδονίζειν; to speak in the Macedonian fashion) acquired the meaning of Koine Greek.[76]


Contributions to the Koine


Further information: Ancient Macedonians

As a consequence of the Macedonians' role in the formation of the Koine, Macedonian contributed considerable elements, unsurprisingly including some military terminology (διμοιρίτης, ταξίαρχος, ὑπασπισταί, etc.). Among the many contributions were the general use of the first declension grammar for male and female nouns with an -as ending, attested in the genitive of Macedonian coinage from the early 4th century BC of Amyntas III (ΑΜΥΝΤΑ in the genitive; the Attic form that fell into disuse would be ΑΜΥΝΤΟΥ). There were changes in verb conjugation such as in the Imperative δέξα attested in Macedonian sling stones found in Asiatic battlefields, that became adopted in place of the Attic forms. Koine Greek established a spirantisation of beta, gamma and delta, which has been attributed to the Macedonian influence.[77]


See also



Notes


  1. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), Macedonian, Simpson J. A. & Weiner E. S. C. (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Vol. IX, ISBN 0-19-861186-2 (set) ISBN 0-19-861221-4 (vol. IX) p. 153
  2. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1976), Macedonian, USA:Merriam-Webster, G. & C. Merriam Co., vol. II (H–R) ISBN 0-87779-101-5

References


  1. Macedonian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.
  3. Blažek, Václav (2005). "Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages", Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 10. pp. 15–34.
  4. Borza, Eugene N. (28 September 1992) [1990]. "Who Were the Macedonians?". In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton University Press (published 1992). p. 94. ISBN 978-0-691-00880-6. One can only speculate that that [Ancient Macedonian] dialect declined with the rise in use of standard koinē Greek. The main language of formal discourse and official communication became Greek by the fourth century [BC]. Whether the dialect(s) were eventually replaced by standard Greek, or were preserved as part of a two–tiered system of speech—one for official use, the other idiomatic for traditional ceremonies, rituals, or rough soldiers' talk—is problematic and requires more evidence and further study.
  5. Engels, Johannes (2010). "Macedonians and Greeks". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. However, with respect to the discussion in this chapter it seems to be quite clear that (a) ancient Macedonian at some date during the Hellenistic or Roman imperial era was completely replaced by koine Greek and died out, and (b) that ancient Macedonian has no relationship with modern Macedonian which together with Bulgarian belongs to the eastern branch of southern Slavonic languages.
  6. Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
  7. Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000). The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
  8. Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
  9. Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
  10. Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479-323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
  11. Joseph, Brian D. (2001). "Ancient Greek". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.). Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. H. W. Wilson Company. p. 256. ISBN 9780824209704. Family: Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (...) or a sibling language to all of the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic. Related Languages: As noted above, Ancient Macedonian might be the language most closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible; but most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic (...).
  12. J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. ISBN 1-884964-98-2
  13. Mallory, J.P. (1997). Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 361. ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
  14. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). "Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 299. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
  15. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter. pp. 64, 77. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
  16. Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (revised 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
  17. Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
  18. Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
  19. Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
  20. Babiniotis, Georgios (2014). "Ancient Macedonian: A case study". Macedonian Studies Journal. Australia. 1 (1): 7. On all levels (phonological, grammatical and lexical) common structural features of Macedonian and Doric lead us to classify Macedonian within the Doric, especially the Northwestern group of Doric dialects.
  21. Matzinger, Joachim (2016). Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (Speech) (in German). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  22. Brixhe, Claude (2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1862–1867. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
  23. Hammond, N.G.L (1997). Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
  24. Worthington, Ian (2012). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2.
  25. Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
    "Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian."
  26. Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
  27. Exceptions to the rule:
    • ἀρφύς arhphys Macedonian (Attic ἁρπεδών harpedôn cord, yarn)
    • βάγαρον bagaron (Attic χλιαρόν chliaron' 'warm') (cf. Attic phôgô 'roast') (Laconian)
    • βώνημα bônêma speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma eireo) (cf. Attic phônêma sound, speech) (Laconian)
    • κεβλὴ keblê Callimachus Fr.140 Macedonian κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus Attic κεφαλή kephalē ('head')
    • κεβλήπυρις keblēpyris ('red-cap bird'), (Aristophanes Birds)
    • κεβλήγονος keblêgonos born from the head, Euphorion 108 for Athena, with its seed in its head Nicander Alexipharmaca 433.
    • πέχαρι pechari deer (Laconian berkios) Amerias
    • Ὑπερβέρετος Hyperberetos Cretan month June, Macedonian September Hyperberetaios (Hellenic Calendars) (Attic hyperpheretês supreme, hyperpherô transfer,excel)
  28. Greek Questions 292e – Question 9 – Why do Delphians call one of their months Bysios .
  29. Česko-jihoslovenská revue, Volume 4, 1934, p. 187.
  30. Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930, 21.
  31. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, κεβλήπυρις. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
  32. Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 344. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
  33. Olivier Masson, "Sur la notation occasionnelle du digamma grec par d'autres consonnes et la glose macédonienne abroutes", Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, 90 (1995) 231–239. Also proposed by O. Hoffmann and J. Kalleris.
  34. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 439–441
  35. Packard Institute epigraphic database http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions//main Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
  36. Eric Lhote (2006) Les lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone. Droz, Geneve.
  37. Roberts, E.S., An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy vol. 1 no. 237
  38. Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Elaine Matthews, Simon Hornblower, Peter Marshall Fraser, British Academy, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 103
  39. Engels, Johannes (2011). "Macedonians and Greeks". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
  40. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). Ancient Macedonia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
  41. Athens, bottom-IG I³ 89 – Kalindoia-Meletemata 11 K31 – Pydna-SEG 52:617,I (6) till SEG 52:617,VI – Mygdonia-SEG 49:750
  42. Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence by Simon Hornblower, Elaine Matthews
  43. SEG 49-750. Oraiokastro. Defixio, Classical period – Brill Reference
  44. Anson, Edward M. (2010). "Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 17, n. 57, n. 58. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
  45. "...but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.
  46. J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. ISBN 1-884964-98-2
  47. Les anciens Macedoniens. Etude linguistique et historique by J. N. Kalleris
  48. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  49. "ARAE: Greek goddesses or spirits of curses; mythology: ARAI". Theoi.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  50. "Pokorny". 1967-03-27. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  51. Dindorf, Wilhelm (1841). Poetae scenici graeci, accedunt perditarum fabularum fragmenta. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  52. "Pokorny Query madh". Ehl.santafe.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  53. "Pokorny's Dictionary". Starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  54. (Izela) Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum by Otto Hoffmann
  55. Aleksandar Mikić, Origin of the Words Denoting Some of the Most Ancient Old World Pulse Crops and Their Diversity in Modern European Languages (2012)
  56. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  57. "Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp. 1059–1062)". Digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  58. Kalleris, p. 238–240
  59. Kalleris, p. 108
  60. Athenaeus Deipnosophists 3.114b.
  61. Deipnosophists 10.455e.
  62. Pokorny [permanent dead link], Gerhard Köbler "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-03-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  63. Kalleris, p. 172–179, 242
  64. "Pokorny,Pudna". Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  65. Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner. 1854. p. 227. Retrieved 2013-02-03 – via Internet Archive. pytna pydna.
  66. Skeat, Theodore Cressy (1994-06-13). The Dorians in Archaeology by Theodore Cressy Skeat. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  67. Poetics (Aristotle)-XXI
  68. Kalleris, p. 274
  69. Hoffmann, Otto (1906). Otto Hoffmann, p. 270 (bottom). ISBN 9783487405339. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  70. Steven Colvin, Dialect in Aristophanes and the politics of language in Ancient Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 279.
  71. Livy, The History of Rome, 31.29.15, on Perseus
  72. A. Panayotou: The position of the Macedonian dialect. In: Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, Anastasios-Phoivos Christides (eds.), A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 433–458 (Google Books).
  73. Livy, The History of Rome, 45.29, on Perseus
  74. E. Kapetanopoulos. "Alexander’s Patrius Sermo in the Philotas Affair", The Ancient World 30 (1999), pp. 117–128. (PDF or HTM)
  75. Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, VII.5.33, (Loeb edition, Latin), (John C. Rolfe, English translation)
  76. C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, 1994, «Le Macédonien» in Langues indo-européennes, p. 208
  77. George Babiniotis (1992) The question of mediae in ancient Macedonian Greek reconsidered. In: Historical Philology: Greek, Latin, and Romance, Bela Brogyanyi, Reiner Lipp, 1992 John Benjamins Publishing)

Further reading





На других языках

[de] Makedonische Sprache

Das Makedonische ist eine ausgestorbene indogermanische Sprache, die kaum rekonstruiert werden kann und deren Stellung innerhalb dieser Sprachgruppe schwer zu bestimmen ist. Gesprochen wurde es in der historischen Region Makedonien. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Einordnung des Makedonischen ergeben sich aus der spärlichen Überlieferung und dürftigen Quellenlage. Alle erhaltenen Zeugnisse sind in griechischen Schriftzeichen verfasst. In einigen griechischen Quellen sind makedonische Orts- und Personennamen überliefert, darüber hinaus wenige Einzelwörter.
- [en] Ancient Macedonian language

[es] Antiguo idioma macedonio

El antiguo macedonio era una lengua griega usada por los antiguos macedonios. Se hablaba en Macedonia durante el primer milenio a. C. Fue dejando de usarse a partir del siglo V a. C., y se cree que desapareció en los primeros siglos de nuestra era. Probablemente se hablaba sobre todo en las regiones interiores, lejos de la costa.

[fr] Ancien macédonien

L'ancien macédonien est une langue paléo-balkanique parlée dans l'Antiquité dans le royaume de Macédoine et dans la région antique et byzantine de la Macédoine.

[it] Lingua macedone antica

Il macedone antico è la lingua estinta degli antichi Macedoni. Era parlata soprattutto nelle regioni interne della Macedonia, lontano dalla costa, durante il I millennio a.C., resistendo fino ai primi secoli d.C. Questa lingua non è ben conosciuta, non si sa se si tratti di una lingua indoeuropea non facente parte di alcuna sottofamiglia, come il greco, o se fosse invece affine a quest'ultimo.

[ru] Древнемакедонский язык

Древнемакедо́нский язы́к — язык, на котором говорило население Древней Македонии в I тысячелетии до н. э. Большинство лингвистов прошлых лет и современных учёных признают этот язык архаичным диалектом древнегреческого[1][2][3] языка[4]. Из советских учёных эту точку зрения признавал Л. А. Гиндин[5].


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