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Central Siberian Yupik,[3][4] (also known as Siberian Yupik, Bering Strait Yupik^{[citation needed]}, Yuit^{[citation needed]}, Yoit^{[citation needed]}, "St. Lawrence Island Yupik",[5][6] and in Russia "Chaplinski Yupik" or Yuk^{[citation needed]}) is an endangered Yupik language spoken by the indigenous Siberian Yupik people along the coast of Chukotka in the Russian Far East and in the villages of Savoonga and Gambell on St. Lawrence Island. The language is part of the Eskimo-Aleut language family.

Central Siberian Yupik
Siberian Yupik Yuit
Yupigestun, Akuzipigestun, Юпик
Native to	United States, Russian Federation
Region	Bering Strait region, St. Lawrence Island
Ethnicity	2,828 Siberian Yupiks
Native speakers	1,000 in United States, 97% of ethnic population (2010)[1] 200 in Russia (2010), 12% of ethnic population[1]
Language family	Eskimo–Aleut Eskimo Yupik Central Siberian Yupik
Dialects	Chaplino Yupik St. Lawrence Island Yupik
Writing system	Latin, Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Alaska[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ess (Central Siberian Yupik)[3]
Glottolog	cent2128  Central Siberian Yupik
ELP	Central Siberian Yupik
Central Siberian Yupik is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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In Alaska, it is estimated that fewer than 1000 of the 1200 residents of St. Lawrence Island speak the language, while, in Russia, approximately 200 speakers remain out of an ethnic population of 1,200.[7]

Dialects and subgroups

Siberian Yupik has two dialects: Chaplino (Chaplinski) Yupik (Uŋazigmit) is spoken on the shores of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far North, and St. Lawrence Island Yupik (Sivuqaghmiistun) is spoken on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.

Chaplino, or Uŋazigmit, is the largest Yupik language of Siberia (the second one is Naukan Yupik), and is named after the settlement of Уӈазиӄ (Ungaziq; Chaplino [ru] or Old Chaplino in Russian). The word Ungazighmii / Уңазиӷмӣ[8][9] [uŋaʑiʁmiː] (plural Ungazighmiit / Уңазиӷмӣт [uŋaʑiʁmiːt][10][11]) means "Ungaziq inhabitant(s)". People speaking this language live in several settlements in the southeastern Chukchi Peninsula[7] (including Novoye Chaplino, Provideniya, and Sireniki), Uelkal, Wrangel Island,[11] and Anadyr.[12] The majority of Chaplino Yupik speakers live in the villages of Novoye Chaplino and Sireniki. In another terminology, these people speak Chaplino, and Ungazighmiit people speak one of its dialects, along with other dialects spoken by Avatmit, Imtugmit, Kigwagmit, which can be divided further into even smaller dialects.[7]

The second dialect, St. Lawrence Island Yupik, is believed to be an offspring of Chaplino with only minor phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical differences, and the two dialects are virtually identical.[13]

Phonology

Consonants

Unlike the Central Alaskan Yupik languages, Siberian Yupik has a series of retroflex fricatives, more similar to the Alaskan Inuit dialects.

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
						plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	n̥			ŋ̊	ŋ̊ʷ
	voiced	m	n			ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop		p	t			k	kʷ	q	qʷ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʂ		x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	h
	voiced	v	z	ʐ		ɣ	ɣʷ	ʁ	ʁʷ
	lateral		ɬ
Approximant			l		j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ə
Open		a

Morphosyntax

Morphosyntax is the study of grammatical categories or linguistic units that have both morphological and syntactic properties. Central Siberian Yupik’s structure most resembles this category. In addition, CSY can be described as using both internal and external syntax. Internal syntax is used here to describe the way that postbases are added to a base or added to one another, contrasted with external syntax, which refers to the order of independent words.[14]

Central Siberian Yupik is a polysynthetic language, meaning it is made up of long, structured words containing many separate meaningful parts (morphemes). In fact, a single word can be an entire sentence. CSY is also an ergative-absolutive language, in contrast to the nominative-accusative structure of English and many Indo-European languages.

Most Siberian Yupik words consist of a "base" or "stem", followed by zero or more "postbases", followed by one "ending", followed by zero or more "enclitics":[15]

Generally, the “base” or “stem” contains the root meaning of the word , while the “postbases,” which are suffixing morphemes, provide additional components of the sentence (see example above). As shown, postbases include items with adjectival and verbal qualities, among other elements. The “ending” (Woodbury’s term) is an inflectional suffix to the right of the postbase that contains grammatical information such as number, person, case, or mood.[16] Enclitics are bound suffixes that follow the inflectional ending of a word. An attached enclitic affects the meaning of the entire sentence, not just the element to which it is attached. The exception is the enclitic ‘llu,’ shown above, which has a basic meaning of ‘and.’[17]

Bases

The base forms the lexical core of the word and belongs to one of three main classes: noun bases, verb bases and particle bases.[18]

• Noun bases (N)
  • Ordinary noun bases (intransitive, transitive)
  • Independent pronoun bases (intransitive)
  • Demonstrative bases (D) (intransitive)
  • Adjectival noun bases
    • Inflecting as ordinary noun bases (intransitive, transitive)
    • Independent relative bases
    • Quantificational bases (Q)
      • Numeral (NM) bases: cardinal (intransitive); ordinal (transitive)
      • Specifier (SP) bases: cardinal (intransitive); partitive (transitive)
  • Locational bases
    • Demonstrative adverb (DA) bases (intransitive)
    • Positional (PS) bases (transitive)
  • Temporal bases
    • Temporal noun bases (intransitive, transitive)
    • Temporal particle bases
• Verb bases (V)
  • Exclusively intransitive (Vi)
  • Exclusively transitive (Vt)
  • Ambivalent
• Particles
  • Independent particles
  • Sentence particles
  • Phrasal participles
  • Enclitics

Noun endings indicate number (singular, dual, or plural), case, and whether or not the noun is possessed. If the noun is possessed, the ending indicates the number and person of the possessor. Siberian Yupik has seven noun cases:

1. absolutive
2. relative (ergative-genitive)
3. ablative-modalis
4. localis
5. terminalis
6. vialis
7. aequalis

Absolutive Case Noun Endings

As in other ergative-absolutive languages, absolutive case is used to mark nouns that are generally the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs.

	Singular Noun	Plural Noun	Dual Noun
Unpossessed	Ø	-t	-k
3rd pp singular 3rd pp plural 3rd pp dual	-a -at -ak	-i -it -ik	-kek -gket -gkek
1st pp singular 1st pp plural 1st pp dual	-ka -put -pung	-nka -put -pung	-gka -gput -gpung
2nd pp singular 2nd pp plural 2nd pp dual	-n -si -tek	-ten -si -tek	-gken -gsi -gtek
3R pp singular 3R pp plural 3R pp dual	-ni -teng -tek	-ni -teng -tek	-gni -gteng -gtek

Note the column on the far left in the chart above and the following charts indicates the person and number of the possessor; the top row indicates the singular, plural, or dual state of the noun. Note also the abbreviation ‘R’ indicates the third person reflective form.[15][16]

Relative/Ergative Case Noun Endings

Ergative case identifies nouns as a subject of a transitive verb and acts as the genitive form in ergative-absolutive languages.

	Singular Noun	Plural Noun	Dual Noun
Unpossessed	-m	-t	-k
3rd pp singular 3rd pp plural 3rd pp dual	-an -ita -ita	-in -ita -ita	-gkenka -gkenka -gkenka
1st pp singular 1st pp plural 1st pp dual	-ma -mta -mtung	-ma -mta -mtung	-gma -gemta -gemtung
2nd pp singular 2nd pp plural 2nd pp dual	-gpek -gpesi -gpetek	-gpek -gpesi -gpetek	-gpek -gpesi -gpetek
3R pp singular 3R pp plural 3R pp dual	-mi -meng -meng	-mi -meng -meng	-gmi -gmeng -gmeng

Ablative-Modalis Case Noun Endings

The ablative case is used to indicate the agent in passive sentences, or the instrument, manner, or place of the action described by the verb.

	Single Noun	Plural Noun	Dual Noun
Unpossessed	-meng	-neng	-gneng
3rd pp singular 3rd pp plural 3rd pp dual	-aneng -itneng -gkeneng	-ineng -itneng -itneng	-gkeneng -itneng -itneng
1st pp singular 1st pp plural 1st pp dual	-mneng -mnneng -mtegneng	-mneng -mnneng -mtegneng	-gemneng -gemneng -gemtegneng
2nd pp singular 2nd pp plural 2nd pp dual	-gpe(g)neng -gpesineng -gpetegneng	-gpe(g)neng -gpesineng -gpetegneng	-gpe(g)neng -gpesineng -gpetegneng
3R pp singular 3R pp plural 3R pp dual	-mineng -meggneng -meg(te)neng	-mineng -meggneng -meg(te)neng	-gmineng -gmeggneng -gmeg(te)neng

The endings of the locative and terminative cases are the same as those of the ablative case except that the locative case has -mi and -ni and the terminative case has -mun and -nun in place of the -meng and -neng at the end of the ablative case endings.

Prolative Case Noun Endings

In grammar, the prolative case, also called the vialis case, is a grammatical case of a noun or pronoun that expresses motion by the referent of the noun it marks.

	Singular Noun	Plural Noun	Dual Noun
Unpossessed	-kun	-tgun	-gnekun
3rd pp singular 3rd pp plural 3rd pp dual	-akun -itgun -gkenkun	-ikun -itgun -itgun	-gkenkun -itgun -itgun
1st pp singular 1st pp plural 1st pp dual	-mkun -mteggun -mtegnegun	-mkun -mteggun -mtegnegun	-gemkun -gemteggun -gemtegnegun
2nd pp singular 2nd pp plural 2nd pp dual	-gpegun -gpesigun -gpetegnegun	-gpegun -gpesigun -gpetegnegun	-gpegun -gpesigun -gpetegnegun
3R pp singular 3R pp plural 3R pp dual	-mikun -megteggun -megtegnegun	-mikun -megteggun -megtegnegun	-gmikun -gmegteggun -gmegtegnegun

Equative Noun Case Endings

Equative is a case that expresses the standard of comparison of equal values.

	Singular Noun	Plural Noun	Dual Noun
Unpossessed	-tun	-stun	-gestun
3rd pp singular 3rd pp plural 3rd pp dual	-atun -itun -gketun	-itun -itun -itun	-gketun -itun -itun
1st pp singular 1st pp plural 1st pp dual	-mtun -mtestun -mtegestun	-mtun -mtestun -mtegestun	-gemtun -gemtestun -gemtegestun
2nd pp singular 2nd pp plural 2nd pp dual	-gpetun -gpesistun -gpetegetun	-gpetun -gpesistun -gpetegetun	-gpetun -gpesistun -gpetegetun
3R pp singular 3R pp plural 3R pp dual	-mitun -megestun -megestun	-mitun -megestun -megestun	-gmitun -gmegestun -gmegestun

Postbases

Derivation is accomplished in CSY by attaching suffixes called postbases. Productivity in the context of CSY is defined as the free addition of a postbase to any base without an unpredictable semantic result; non-productivity implies that said postbases cannot combine freely but are limited to attaching to only a particular set of bases.[16] Postbases are either nominal or verbal and select nominal or verbal bases or expanded bases to attach to (an expanded base is a base followed by one or more postbases). There are four kinds of postbases:[18]

1. VN: postbases deriving nouns from verbs
3. NV: postbases deriving verbs from nouns
5. NN: postbases constructing complex nouns
7. VV: postbases constructing complex verbs

These postbases can indicate a wide variety of meaning, including:[18]

For nouns:

• quantification,
• adjectival modification,
• being and becoming,
• a type of verbal noun-incorporation

For verbs:

• changes in transitivity,
• adverbial modification,
• evidentially,
• negation,
• tense,
• agent noun formation,
• relative clause formation,
• various types of verbal complementation

It is estimated that CSY has approximately 547 postbases: 75 NN, 55 NV, 30 VN, and 387 VV. It appears that in CSY the large majority of NN, NV, and VN postbases are productive; for the VV postbases, there are approximately 190 non-productive ones and 197 productive ones.[16]

Characteristics of polysynthetic postbases

There are no clear morphological position classes in CSY.[19] A position class is the organization of morphemes or a morpheme class into a linear ordering with no apparent connection to syntactic, semantic, or phonological representation.[20] In the example below, it is semantic restrictions that dictate the order.[19]

Some postbases can be used recursively, as in the example below.[19]

Recursion can also be used for emphasis.[21]

There is variability in postbase ordering with no change in semantic outcome.[19]

Abbreviations: V, verb; PST, past tense; FRUSTR, frustrative (‘but . . ., in vain’); INFER, inferential evidential (often translatable as ‘it turns out’); INDIC, indicative; 3S.3S, third-person subject acting on third-person object): (de Reuse 2006) Note: postbases noted in bold.

Note: there is a general rule in CSY of semantic scope in which the rightmost postbase will have scope over the left. However, there are many exceptions, as in the example above.[19]

Enclitics

Following are a brief list and description of enclitics in CSY. The table is recreated from de Reuse (1988).[22]

1. -lli: modal function, interrogative
2. -tuq: modal function, optative
3. -qa, -sa, -wha: modal function, exhortative or exclamative
4. -nguq: evidential function
5. -llu: focus marking or conjunction
6. -iii: can be interrogative; sometimes marks a perlocutionary act
7. -ta, -Vy: mark illocutionary acts
8. -ngam, -qun: mark the “presupposition that the hearer is unaware that the speaker lacks crucial information”
9. -mi: shifts the attention of the hearer

1st Position	2nd Position	3rd Position	4th position
-sa			-nguq
-ta
-llu	-ngam	-tuq
	-qun
	-wha
	-lli

Note: the ‘position’ references above refer to the position of the postbase following the main base.

Other Eskimo languages spoken in Chukotka

Other Yupik languages

Naukan, or Nuvuqaghmiistun, the second largest Yupik language spoken in Chukotka, is spoken in settlements including Uelen, Lorino, Lavrentiya, and Provideniya.[12]

Debated classifications

Additionally, the Sireniki Eskimo language, locally called Uqeghllistun, was an Eskimo language once spoken in Chukotka. It had many peculiarities. Sometimes it is classified as not belonging to the Yupik branch at all, thus forming (by itself) a stand-alone third branch of the Eskimo languages (alongside Inuit and Yupik).[7][23] Its peculiarities may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups in the past.[24]

Sireniki became extinct in early January 1997.[7][23][25]

Notes

References

English

• Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1968). "Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes". In Diószegi, Vilmos (ed.). Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
• de Reuse, Willem J. (1994). Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The language and its contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-397-7.
• Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). A Practical Grammar of the St.~Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.
• Jacobson, Steven A. (1979). A Grammatical Sketch of Siberian Yupik Eskimo as spoken on St.~Lawrence Island, Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.

Russian

• Меновщиков, Г. А. (1962). Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (1962). Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• Меновщиков, Г. А. (1996). "Азиатских эскимосов язык". Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки. Москва: Российская академия наук. Институт языкознания. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (1996). "The language of Asian Eskimos". Languages of the world. Paleoasiatic languages. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• Библиография работ по языку азиатских эскимосов

Further reading

English

Russian

External links

• Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka by Nikolai Vakhtin
• Rubtsova, Ekaterina Semenovna. Yupik Eskimo Text from the 1940s. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2011-04-28. Collection of 27 texts collected by Rubtsova in 1940-1941. Translated into English and edited by Vakhtin. (The English version is the last file at the bottom of the page.) Downloadable from UAF's site licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.
• "Уэленский язык — проблема идентификации". Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Uelen language — problems of identification (in Russian).
• J. W. de Reuse (2006). "Polysynthetic Language: Central Siberian Yupik". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Krauss, E. Michael (2005). "Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection". Études/Inuit/Studies. 29 (1–2).

На других языках

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- [en] Central Siberian Yupik language

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[fr] Yupik sibérien central

Le yupik sibérien central, également dénommé Yupik de Sibérie et de l'île Saint-Laurent, Yuit, Jupigyt est une des langues yupik, de la famille des langues eskimo-aléoutes. Elle est parlée par la majorité des Yupiks de Sibérie, dans un dialecte appelé Chaplino ou Chaplinski, et par la plupart des mille Yupiks de l'île Saint-Laurent (appartenant à l'Alaska, au sud du détroit de Béring), qui font usage d'un dialecte propre.

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[ru] Юитские языки

Юитские языки — языки азиатских эскимосов (юитов), входят в состав эскимосско-алеутской языковой семьи.

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