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Pitkern, also known as Pitcairn-Norfolk or Pitcairnese, is a language spoken on Pitcairn and Norfolk islands. It is a mixture of English and Tahitian, and has been given many classifications by scholars, including cant, patois, and Atlantic Creole.[2] Although spoken on Pacific Ocean islands, it has been described as an Atlantic Creole due to the lack of connections with other English-based creoles of the Pacific.^{[citation needed]} There are fewer than 50 speakers on Pitcairn Island, a number which been steadily decreasing since 1971.[3]

Pitkern
Pitkern-Norfolk Pitcairn-Norfolk
Native to	Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Islands, New Zealand
Ethnicity	Pitcairn Islanders
Native speakers	ca. 400 Pitcairn-Norfolk (2008)[1] 36 on Pitcairn (2002)
Language family	English–Tahitian creole
Dialects	Norfuk
Official status
Official language in	Pitcairn Islands
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pih Pitcairn-Norfolk
Glottolog	pitc1234  Pitcairn-Norfolk
ELP	Pitcairn-Norfolk
Linguasphere	52-ABB-dd
Pitcairn is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

History

Following the Mutiny on the Bounty on 28 April 1789, the British mutineers stopped at Tahiti and took 18 Polynesians, mostly women, to remote Pitcairn Island and settled there. A pidgin was formed based on English and Tahitian so that the English mutineers could communicate with the Tahitian women they brought to the previously uninhabited Pitcairn Island.[2] The Pitkern language was influenced by the diverse English dialects and accents of the crew. Geographically, the mutineers were drawn from as far as the West Indies, with one mutineer being described as speaking a forerunner of a Caribbean patois. One was a Scot from the Isle of Lewis. At least one, the leader Fletcher Christian, was a well-educated man, which at the time made a major difference in speech. Both Geordie and West Country dialects have obvious links to some Pitkern phrases and words, such as whettles, meaning food, from victuals.

The first children born on Pitcairn Island mainly spoke a mixture of non-standard varieties of English and the contact language.[2] In the 1830s, Pitkern's local prestige increased, and the language started to be used in church and school.[2] In 1856, 194 residents of Pitcairn Island moved to Norfolk island, where many residents continued to use Pitkern in their households.[2]

After 1914, the Australian government tried to end the use of Pitkern/Norf'k by restricting its use in public spaces. [2]

Relationship to Norf'k

This section does not cite any sources. (July 2019)

Norf'k is descended predominantly from Pitkern. When the residents of Pitcairn Island moved to Norfolk Island, they brought the language with them.[2] The language developed and changed over time. The relative ease of travel from English-speaking countries such as Australia, New Zealand or Papua New Guinea to Norfolk Island, particularly when compared with that of travel to the Pitcairn Islands, has meant that Norf'k has been exposed to much greater contact with English relative to Pitkern.^{[citation needed]} The difficulties in accessing the Pitcairn population have meant that a serious comparison of the two languages for mutual intelligibility has proven difficult.

The exact relationship between these two languages is a point of contention for scholars. Some believe that the difference between Pitkern and Norf'k is negligible, while others believe that Standard English is more present in Norf'k than it is in Pitkern.[2]

Common phrases

Pronouns included aklen 'we/us' (or just 'us', with wi for 'we'; commonly spelled uklun), hami 'you and I' / 'you and us', and yoli 'you (plural)'.[4]

^{[citation needed]}

Pitkern	English
Whata way ye?	How are you?
About ye gwen?	Where are you going?
You gwen whihi up suppa?	Are you going to cook supper?
I nor believe.	I don't think so.
Ye like-a sum whettles?	Would you like some food?
Do' mine.	It doesn't matter. I don't mind.
Wa sing yourley doing?	What are you doing? What are you up to?
I se gwen ah big shep.	I'm going to the ship.
Humuch shep corl ya?	How often do ships come here?
Cum yorley sulluns!	Come on all you kids!
I se gwen ah nahweh.	I'm going swimming.
Lebbe!	Let it be!
Gude	Good!

Note: Pitkern spelling is not standardised.

Excerpts from a transcription of Pitkern

The sentences below are excerpted from a longer dialogue held in 1951 between a teenage speaker of Pitkern and A.W. Moverley, a foreigner who worked as a schoolteacher on Pitcairn during the mid-20th century.[2] The dialogue was recorded by Moverley and later transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by A.C. Gimson, with translations to English provided by Moverley.[5]

Pitkern transcription		wɒtəwɛi	ju
English cognates		what way	you
Translation		“How are	you (sg.)?”

Pitkern transcription		ai	filen	sɪkɪ
English cognates		I	feeling	sick
Translation		“I’m	feeling	sick.”

Pitkern transcription		ai	bɪn	sɔ	sɪns	jɛstəde	ha	ʔʌdəwʌn	ha	ʔʌdəwʌn
English cognates		I	been	sore	since	yesterday	the	other one	the	other one
Translation		“I’ve	been	ill	for the past three days.”

Pitkern transcription		aɪ	sə	brɪŋ	wʌn	a	wækl	lʋŋfə	mi
English cognates		I		bring	one	of	victuals	along for	me
Translation		“I’ve	brought		some		food	for myself with me."

Pitkern transcription

aɪ

bɪn

teʔk

wʌn

aɪ

teɪtə

pilʌ

ɪn

a

plʌnz

lif

English cognates

I

been

take

one

I

tater

[Tahitian: "type of pudding"]

in

a

plantain's

leaf

Translation

“I’ve

brought

myself some

potato

pie

in

a

banana

leaf."

Pitkern transcription		jɔːle	maːmuː
English cognates		you all you[6]	[Tahitian: "silence"]
Translation		“You (pl.)	be quiet!”

Pitkern transcription		dʌnə	maːlou
English cognates		do not	[Tahitian: "obstinate"]
Translation		“Don't	argue!”

Pitkern transcription		jɔːlə	paɪl	e	pipl	kaː	wosiŋ	jɔle	toːkm	əbæʋʔt
English cognates		you all you	pile	of	people	can't	what thing	you all you	talking	about
Translation		“You (pl.)	lot			don't know	what	you're	talking	about."

Pitkern transcription		jɔːle	dʌnə	toːk
English cognates		you all you	do not	talk
Translation		"You (pl.)	stop	talking!”

Pitkern transcription		jus	ə	get	aʊ	flaʊə	ʔaʊʔt	ʃɛʔp
English cognates		us		get	our	flour	out	ship
Translation		"We		get	our	bags of flour	from	ships."

Poetry in Pitkern

Some poetry exists in Pitkern. The poems of Meralda Warren are of particular note.

See also

• Australian English
• Languages of the Pitcairn Islands
• Norfuk language

References

External links

• Ross, Alan Strode Campbell and A.W. Moverly. The Pitcairnese Language (1964). London: Oxford University Press.
• South Pacific phrasebook (1999). Hawthorn, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications.
• History of writing pitkern and norf-k

На других языках

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[de] Pitcairn-Englisch

Das Pitcairn-Englisch („Pitkern“, „Pitcairnesisch“ oder „Pitcairnisch“) ist eine auf der Insel Pitcairn existente Kreolsprache, die auf einem Dialekt des Englischen des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem Tahitianischen dieser Epoche basiert.

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- [en] Pitkern language

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[es] Pitcairnés-norfolkense

El idioma pitcairnés-norfolkense (también llamado Pitkern-Norfuk) es el idioma hablado en las Islas Pitcairn y la Isla Norfolk por los residentes locales. Es una mezcla de inglés del siglo XVIII y tahitiano. Se originó en las Islas Pitcairn y fue introducido posteriormente en la Isla Norfolk.

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[fr] Pitcairnais

Le pitcairnais est une langue créole née du contact entre l'anglais et le tahitien à la fin du XVIIIe siècle chez les marins anglais et les Tahitiens installés sur l'île Pitcairn à la suite de la Mutinerie de la Bounty. Elle compte un peu moins de 100 locuteurs qui se trouvent uniquement sur l'île Pitcairn et l'île Norfolk. C'est avec l'anglais la langue officielle des Îles Pitcairn au Royaume-Uni.

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[it] Lingua pitcairnese

Il pitcairnese o lingua pitcairnese (in pitcairnese: pitkern; codice ISO 639-3 pih) è una lingua[1] creola basata sul dialetto della lingua inglese del XVII secolo, con commistioni di tahitiano. È la lingua ufficiale di Pitcairn insieme all'inglese ed è imparentato con il dialetto norfuk dell'isola Norfolk.

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[ru] Питкэрнский язык

Пи́ткэрнский язы́к — язык населения острова Питкэрн. Креольский язык, образовавшийся на основе английского языка XVIII века с элементами таитянского языка. Является родным для менее чем 100 уроженцев острова. На близкородственном норфолкском языке говорят несколько сотен человек. Несмотря на то, что острова расположены в Тихом океане, эти языки некоторые исследователи относят к атлантической группе креольских языков[1].

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