lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Sino-Uralic or Sino-Finnic is a proposed language family consisting of Sinitic languages and Uralic languages.[1] The Chinese linguist Gao Jingyi has been the main advocate of the theory. His first monographs on this topic were published in 2005 and 2008. Some proposed evidence include the words kuu 'month' in Finnish and guat 'month' in Minnan, Finnish kieli 'language' and Minnan giân 'speech'. Gao suggested the proto-population could have been lived in Neolithic China and carried the Haplogroup N.[2][3]
| Sino-Uralic | |
|---|---|
| (fringe) | |
| Geographic distribution | Northern Eurasia, East Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
 | |
Long before, Morris Swadesh once theorized about a similar topic. proposing a more radical and massive Dené-Finnish grouping which also encompasses Sino-Tibetan and Athabaskan.[4]
The theory has been criticized for using supposedly "flawed" comparisons.[5]
Evidence
Lexical
Some shared cognates proposed by Jingyi Gao:[2][3][6][7][8]
| Mandarin | Cantonese | Minnan | Estonian | Finnish | North Saami |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ián 'speech' | jin 'speech' 言 | giân 'speech' | keel 'language' | kieli 'language' | giella 'language' |
| üe 'month, moon' | jyut 'month' 'moon' 月 | guat/gueh 'month, moon' | kuu | kuu | |
| bie 'other' | bit 'other' 別 | piat 'other' | muu | muu | |
| dui 'correspond', 'right' | deoi 'correspond' or 'right' 對 | tuii 'correspond' | tõsi 'truth' | tosi 'truth' | duohta 'truth' |
| mo 'foam' | mut 'foam' 沫 | buah 'foam' | muohta 'snow' | ||
| zhi 'finger' | zi 'finger' 指 | tsi/ki 'finger' | käe 'hand' | käsi 'hand' | giehta 'hand' |
| jiou 'deep' | gau 'deep' 究 | kiu 'deep' | kaeva 'dig' | kaivaa 'dig' | goaivu 'dig' |
| jia 'home' | gul/gaal 'home' 家 | ka 'home' | kodu 'home' | koti 'home' | |
| jie 'boundary' | gaai 'boundary' 界 | kue 'boundary' | koht 'place' | kohta 'place' | |
| sha 'kill' | saat 'kill' 殺 | sat 'kill' | sõda 'war' | sota 'war' | soahti 'war' |
| jiaŋ 'river' | gong 'river' 江 | kang 'river' | jõe 'river' | joki 'river' | johka 'river' |
| dueŋ 'act' | dung 'move' 動 | tong 'act' | tege- 'do' | teke- 'do' | dahka- 'make' |
| feŋ 'abundant' | fungl 'abundant' 豐 | hong 'abundant' | väga 'very' | väki 'crowd, force (archaic)' | viehka 'force' |
| bei 'north', 'back' | bak 'north' 北, bui 'back' 背 | pak 'north' | põhja 'north' | pohja 'north' or 'bottom' |
| Mandarin[9] | Cantonese | Finnish | Livonian |
|---|---|---|---|
| [ ʔie˧˩ ] 'night' | [ je: ] 'night' 夜 | yö 'night' | īe 'night' |
| [ pʰa˧˩ ] 'fear' | [ pʰa ˧ ] 'fear' 怕 | pelkä- 'fear' | |
| [ fu:˧ ] 'dress' | [fok ] 'dress' 服 | puke- 'dress' | |
| [ xuo˧˩] 'or, confused' | [ wak ] 'or, confused' 或，惑 | vai 'or' | või 'or' |
| [ ʔwan ] 'late' | [ man ˧˦] 'late' 晚 | vanha 'old' | vanā 'old' |
| Old Chinese[9] | Proto-Uralic |
|---|---|
| kuun 'big fish' | *kala 'fish' |
| pɯn 'slash, burn' | *pala 'burn' |
| sqʰuunʔ/suən 'dimihish' | *sala 'steal' |
| kʷaaŋ 'sound of stone' | *kaja 'echo' |
| hmaaŋ 'desolate' | *vaja 'lack' |
| baŋ 'side-room' | *maja 'house' |
Gao also compared Finnish tähti 'star' to Mandarin tai 'extremely' and Minnan thai 'extremely'.[10]
Phonological
Proposed sound correspondences
Gao suggested Minnan át to correspond to Uralic "uu", for example piát 'other' and muu 'other' and guát 'month' and kuu 'month'.
Another sound correspondence is Mandarin -uei into Finnish osi, for example duei and Finnish tosi
Gao also suggested a sound correspondence where Finnish [ala] corresponds to Mandarin [ən] [9]
| Estonian | Finnish | Mandarin |
|---|---|---|
| pala 'piece' | pala 'piece' | fən˥ 'divide' |
| palav 'hot' | pala- 'burn' | fən˧˥ 'burn' |
| ala 'ground' | ala 'ground' | ʔyən˧˩ 'exist underground' |
Gao also suggested that Finnish /k/ corresponds to Mandarin /ŋ/.[7]
| Finnish | Mandarin |
|---|---|
| joki 'river' | jiaŋ 'river' |
| teke- 'do' | dueŋ 'act' |
Another suggested sound change was Finnic -aja to Chinese -aŋ[9]
| Finnish | Estonian | Mandarin |
|---|---|---|
| maja 'hut' | maja 'hut' | [faŋ] 'house' |
| vajaa 'shortage' | vaja 'shortage' | [xuaŋ] 'desolate' |
| kaja 'echo' | [kuaŋ] 'percussive sound' |
A correspondence of Uralic /p/ and Mandarin /f/ was also suggested.
| Estonian | Finnish | Mandarin |
|---|---|---|
| pala 'piece' | pala 'piece' | fən˥ 'divide' |
| puke- 'dress' | fu 'dress' | |
| palav 'hot' | pala- 'burn' | fən˧˥ 'burn' |
Proto-language
| Proto-Sino-Uralic | English |
|---|---|
| *kota | place |
| *θota | kill |
| *kʲoŋkʷə | river |
| *toŋkʷə | act, do |
| *hʷetas | year |
| *dʷotas | correspond |
| *keðəX | hand |
| *peðəX | side by side |
| *keðə | skin grease |
| *ŋgʷeta | moon |
| *mbeta | other |
| *ŋgenal | tongue, speech |
| *pekŋʷe | many |
See also
References
- Künnap, Ago (2010). "Chinese Language and Languages of Northern Europe: Discoveries and Researches of Common Origins of Chinese": 218–222. ProQuest 852514464.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Tender, Tõnu; Gao, Jingyi (May 2020). "Sino-Uralic etymology for 'moon, month' supported by regular sound correspondences". doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2020-00005. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Gao, Jingyi (January 2020). "Sino-Uralic etymology for 'Jupiter, year' supported by rhyme correspondence". doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2020-00002. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Harms, Robert Thomas. "Uralic languages". Encyclopedia Britannica.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Kumar, Niraj; Driem, George van; Stobdan, Phunchok (2020-11-18). Himalayan Bridge. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-21549-6.
- Gao, Jingyi (December 2019). "On etymology of Finnic term for 'sky'". doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2019-00007. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Gao, Jingyi (2021). "The intensive controversy on Chinese historical phonology: Refutation of the liquid medial for division-2 in Old Chinese".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Gao, Jingyi. "Identification of the etymon of Indo-European 'moist', Sinitic 'south', Tibeto-Burman 'sun, day, sky' and Hungarian nap 'sun, day'".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Gao, Jingyi (June 2014). "Rhyme correspondences between Sinitic and Uralic languages: On the example of the Finnish -ala and -aja rhymes". Linguistica Uralica. 50 (2): 94. doi:10.3176/lu.2014.2.02. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Gao, Jingyi (September 2020). "(PDF) On etymology of Sinitic, Indo-European and Uralic terms for 'star' supported by regular sound correspondences". doi:10.24411/2310-2144-2020-00008. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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