lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Hattic, or Hattian, was a non-Indo-European agglutinative[2][3] language spoken by the Hattians in Asia Minor in the 2nd millennium BC. Scholars call the language "Hattic" to distinguish it from Hittite, the Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire.[4] The Hittites referred to the language as "hattili" (there are no attestations of the name of the language in Hattic itself). The name is doubtlessly related to the Assyrian and Egyptian designation of an area west of the Euphrates as "Land of the Hatti" (Khatti).

Hattic
Region	Anatolia
Ethnicity	Hattians
Era	2nd millennium BC[1]
Language family	unclassified (Northwest Caucasian?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xht
Linguist List	xht
Glottolog	hatt1246

The heartland of the oldest attested language of Anatolia, before the arrival of Hittite-speakers, ranged from Hattusa, then called "Hattus", northward to Nerik. Other cities mentioned in Hattic include Tuhumiyara and Tissaruliya. Hittite-speakers conquered Hattus from Kanesh to its south in the 18th century BC. They eventually absorbed or replaced the Hattic-speakers (Hattians)^{[citation needed]} but retained the name Hatti for the region. The name of the inhabitants of that area is likewise identified with the Biblical Heth, from which, in turn, the English word Hittite is derived.

Corpus

No document has been found in which native Hattic-speakers wrote their own language. Scholars must rely on indirect sources or mentions by their neighbours and successors, the Hittites. Some Hattic words can be found in religious tablets of Hittite priests that date from the 14th and the 13th centuries BC. The passages contained, between the lines of the text signs, the explanation "the priest is now speaking in Hattic".[5]

Roots of Hattic words can also be found in the names of mountains, rivers, cities and gods. Other Hattic words can be found in some mythological texts. The most important of these is the myth "The Moon God who fell from the Sky", written in both Hattic and Hittite.

All published Hattic documents are catalogued in the Catalogue des textes hittites (CTH). Documents from Hattusa span CTH 725–745. Of these CTH 728, 729, 731, 733, and 736 are Hattic/Hittite bilinguals. CTH 737 is a Hattic incantation for the festival at Nerik. One key, if fragmentary, bilingual is the story of "The Moon God Who Fell from the Sky". (There are additional Hattic texts in Sapinuwa, which had not been published as of 2004.)

Classification

The conservative view is that Hattic is a language isolate, different from the neighbouring Indo-European and Semitic languages. Based on toponyms and personal names, however, it may have been related to the otherwise-unattested Kaskian language. Certain similarities between Hattic and both Abkhazo-Adyghean and Kartvelian languages have led to proposals by some scholars about the possibility of a linguistic bloc from central Anatolia to the Caucasus.[6][7][8][9] According to Alexey Kassian, there are also possible lexical correspondences between Hattic and Yeniseian languages, as well as Burushaski language; for instance, "tongue" is alef in Hattic and alup in Kott, "moon" is kap in Hattic and qīp in Ket, "mountain" is ziš in Hattic and ćhiṣ in Burushaski (compare also with *čɨʔs – a Proto-Yeniseian word for "stone").[10][11]

Vocabulary

Some known Hattic words include:

• alef = "tongue"
• ashaf = "god"
• fa-zari = "humankind, population"
• fel = "house"
• *findu = "wine" (found in the compound findu-qqaram "wine-ladle")
• fur = "land"
• Furun-Katte [de] = "King of the Land", the Hattic war god
• Furu-Semu = Hattic sun goddess
• Hanfasuit = Hattic throne goddess
• hilamar = "temple"
• Kasku = the Hattic moon god
• katte = "king"
• -nifas = "to sit"
• pinu = "child"
• zari = "mortal"
• -zi = "to put"

Grammar

Hattic formed conventional plurals with a le- prefix: "children" = le-pinu. It formed a collective plural by attaching the prefix fa-: fa-shaf "gods".

The genitive case was declined with the suffix -(u)n (fur "land" but furun "of the land"). Some linguists like Polomé and Winter have claimed that the accusative case was marked with es- and give the example of ess-alep "word",[12] but that has been identified by others as a pronominal clitic, meaning "their".

References

Sources

External links

• A detailed description by Igor Diakonov (in Russian)
• Hattic grammar by A. S. Kassian (in Russian)

На других языках

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[de] Hattische Sprache

Das Hattische (von den Hethitern hattili genannt) war die Sprache der Substratbevölkerung in Anatolien, der Hattier, die im selben Gebiet wie die später eingewanderten Hethiter lebten und von diesen nicht vertrieben wurden. Es ist die älteste durch Texte belegte Sprache Anatoliens. Schriftlich fixiert wurde diese Sprache nicht durch Muttersprachler, sondern durch die Hethiter, von deren Sprache sich das Hattische in Struktur und Wortschatz völlig unterschied. Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Hattischen umfasste vor dem Eindringen der indogermanischen Hethiter, Palaer und Luwier ganz Zentral- und Nordanatolien bis zur Schwarzmeerküste und Teile Kappadokiens; Hattisch ist um 1500 v. Chr. als gesprochene Sprache ausgestorben, hatte aber als Kultsprache im hethitischen Reich weiterhin große Bedeutung.

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- [en] Hattic language

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[es] Idioma hatti

El hatti o hático fue una lengua no indoeuropea hablada en Asia Menor entre el tercer y el segundo milenio a. C., antes de la aparición de los hititas. En tiempos de los hititas siguió siendo usada como lengua sacra en textos de tipo religioso.

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[fr] Hatti (langue)

Le hatti est une langue morte agglutinante ne se rattachant à aucune famille linguistique connue[1],[2]. Elle a été parlée en Anatolie jusqu'au début du IIe millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne par les Hattis. Elle fut utilisée en tant que langue liturgique par les Hittites jusqu'à la chute de leur empire, vers 1200 av. J.-C. Le hatti fut ainsi un important substrat du hittite. Bien qu'aucun texte hatti écrit par le peuple du même nom ne nous soit parvenu, les Hittites ont écrit le hatti au moyen de l'écriture cunéiforme, en faisant précéder les passages dans cette langue du mot hattili.

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[it] Lingua hattica

La lingua hattica (o khattica) era una lingua preindoeuropea agglutinante[1][2] parlata dal popolo degli Hatti, vissuto in Anatolia tra il III e il II millennio a.C.

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[ru] Хаттский язык

Ха́ттский язы́к — язык древнейшего (III — начало II тысячелетия до н. э.) населения северо-восточной части Малой Азии внутри излучины реки Галис (совр. Кызылырмак) — хаттов — дошёл до нас, помимо некоторого количества упоминаемых в иноязычных текстах топонимов, личных имен и имен божеств, лишь в сравнительно небольшом количестве культовых текстов из царского архива столицы Хеттского царства — Хаттусы (совр. Богазкёй). В том числе имеется около полудесятка хаттско-хеттских (неситских) билингв и несколько десятков одноязычных текстов, по большей части коротких и сильно фрагментированных.

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