Bribri, also known as Bri-bri, Bribriwak, and Bribri-wak, is a Chibchan language, from a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian Area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of those countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. As of 2002, there were about 11,000 speakers left.[2] An estimate by the National Census of Costa Rica in 2011 found that Bribri is currently spoken by 54.7% of the 12,785 Bribri people, about 7,000 individuals.[3] It is a tonal language whose word order is subject–object–verb.
Chibchan language of southeast Costa Rica
Bribri
Talamanca
Nativeto
Costa Rica.
Region
Limón province: Talamanca cantón, along Lari, Telire, and Uren rivers; Puntarenas province: Buenos Aires cantón
There are three traditional dialects of Bribri: Coroma (in the western region of the Talamanca mountain range), Amubre (in the eastern region of the Talamanca mountain range) and Salitre (in the South Pacific area). Bribri is a tribal name, deriving from a word for "mountainous" in their own language. The Bribri language is also referred to as Su Uhtuk, which means "our language."[4] Bribri is reportedly most similar to sister language Cabécar as both languages have nasal harmony, but they are mutually unintelligible.[5]
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
Plosive
pb
td
k
ʔ
Affricate
t͡k
t͡s
t͡ʃ
ɟ͡ʝ
Fricative
s
ʃ
h
Flap
ɾ
Glide
w
j
/b/ can have allophones of [β, m].
/d/ can have an allophone of [ɽ], as well as nasal allophones of [ɽ̃, n].
/ɟ͡ʝ/ can have an allophone of [ɲ].
/ɾ/ can have an allophone of [r].
/w, j/ can have nasalised allophones of [w̃, j̃].[6]
Vowels
I, u and a are pronounced in the same manner as they would be in Spanish. E and o are more open than in Spanish. The sound of ë is between i and e, in the same manner as ö is between u and o. The nasal vowels are pronounced similarly to the corresponding orals, with the addition of some air exiting through the nose.
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
High
oral
i
u
nasal
ĩ
ũ
Near-high
ɪ
ʊ
Mid-low
oral
ɛ
ɔ
nasal
ɛ̃
ɔ̃
Low
oral
a
nasal
ã
Spanish examples of oral vowels:
yì
¿quién?
ù
casa
yë
padre, papá
tö
sí
ye'
yo
só
cucaracha
awá
médico
Spanish examples of nasal vowels:
mĩ
madre, mamá
ũ
olla
sẽ
eso, ese
mõ
nube
ã
en; para
Alphabet
The Linguistics Department at the University of Costa Rica has conceived a standardized spelling system that is based on several earlier attempts.[7]
Bribri sign in a restaurant in Bribrí in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Translation: "I'm hungry, I'm going to eat."
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A
B
D
CH
E
Ë
I
J
K
L
M
N
Ñ
O
Ö
P
PP
R
RR
S
SH
T
TT
TCH
TS
U
Y
ʼ
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a
b
d
ch
e
ë
i
j
k
l
m
n
ñ
o
ö
p
pp
r
rr
s
sh
t
tt
tch
ts
u
y
ʼ
Nasal vowels are indicated by a tilde: ⟨ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ⟩ (Previously indicated with a macron below: a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱), except after a nasal consonant (already indicating nasalisation of the vowel).
Tones are indicated by the grave accent for the high tone and the acute accent for the low tone; these can also be placed on the nasal vowels.
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; Feliciano Elizondo Figueroa; Francisco Pereira Mora (1998). Curso básico de bribri. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1991). Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (1997). Kó késka. El lugar del tiempo. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (2009). Se' ẽ' yawö bribri wa. Aprendemos la lengua bribri. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica – UNICEF.
Jara Murillo; Carla Victoria; Alí García Segura (2013). Se' ttö́ bribri ie. Hablemos en bribri. San José, Costa Rica: E-Digital.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2025 WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии