lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Cross River or Delta–Cross languages are a branch of the Benue–Congo language family spoken in south-easternmost Nigeria, with some speakers in south-westernmost Cameroon. The branch was first formulated by Joseph Greenberg; it is one of the few of his branches of Niger–Congo that has withstood the test of time.
Branch of Benue–Congo languages spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon
Cross River |
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Geographic distribution | Southeastern Nigeria (Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Rivers, Bayelsa States); southwestern Cameroon |
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Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo? |
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Subdivisions |
- Upper Cross
- Lower Cross
- Ogoni (Kegboid)
- Central Delta
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Glottolog | delt1251 |
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 The Cross River languages shown within Nigeria and Cameroon:
Central Delta
Ogoni
Lower Cross:
Lower Cross proper
Upper Cross:
Upper Cross besides Central
- Central Upper Cross:
North–South
East–West
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Greenberg's Cross River family originally included the Bendi languages. The Bendi languages were soon seen to be very different and thus were made a separate branch of Cross River, while the other languages were united under the branch Delta–Cross. However, the inclusion of Bendi in Cross River at all is doubtful, and it has been tentatively reassigned to the Southern Bantoid family, making the terms Cross River and Delta–Cross now synonymous.
Languages
There are four primary branches of Cross River:
- Central Delta, 8 languages, the most populous being Ogbia with 100,000 speakers
- Ogoni, 5 languages, with Ogoni proper (Khana) having 200,000 speakers
- Upper Cross River, 22 languages, the most populous being Lokaa with 120,000 speakers
- Lower Cross River, 23 languages, the most populous being Ibibio language (3.5 million speakers)
Branches and locations
Below is a list of major Cross River branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) in southeast Nigeria based on Blench (2019).[1]
Internal classification
Roger Blench (2008: 4)[2] classifies the Cross River languages as follows.
- Cross River
- ? Bendi (Yakoro, Bendi, Alege, Bumaji, Bokyi, etc.)
- Delta-Cross
- Upper Cross
- Core
- North-South (Koring, Kukele, Kohumono, Agwagwune, etc.)
- East-West (Ikom, Mbembe, Legbo, etc.)
- Ukpet-Ehom
- Agoi, Doko, Iyongiyong
- Kiong, Korop
- Lower Cross
- East (Efik, Ibibio, Anaang, Efiat, etc.)
- Central (Enwang, Uda)
- West (Ebughu, Oro, Usakade, Obolo, etc.)
- Ogoni
- Eleme; Baan (Ogoi)
- Gokana; Tẹẹ (Tai); Kana
- Central Delta
- Abuan, Odual
- Kugbo, Ogbia, etc.
Although Blench (2004) tentatively included the Bendi languages as possibly being a Cross River outlier branch, the Bendi languages are generally classified as Southern Bantoid.
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
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Central Delta | |
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Ogoni | |
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Upper Cross River | North-South | |
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East-West | |
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Others | |
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Lower Cross River | |
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Atlantic–Congo | Atlantic | |
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(Ivory Coast and Ghana) | |
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Volta–Niger | |
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Benue–Congo | Platoid | |
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Cross River |
- Central Delta
- Lower Cross River
- Upper Cross River
- Ogoni
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Northern Bantoid | |
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Southern Bantoid | |
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Savannas | |
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Mande | Southeast | |
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West | Central West (Manding–Kpelle) |
- Jogo
- Vai–Kono
- Manding
- Mokole
- Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)
- Southwest Mande
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Northwest (Samogo–Soninke) | |
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Kordofanian | |
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others | |
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isolates | |
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unclassified | |
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На других языках
- [en] Cross River languages
[fr] Langues cross river
Les langues cross river ou langues delta cross sont une branche des langues bénoué-congolaises parlées dans le Sud-Est du Nigeria. Elles sont nommées ainsi car elles sont parlées dans le delta et bassin du fleuve Cross.
[ru] Кросс-риверские языки
Кросс-риверские языки (также кроссриверские языки, дельтакросские языки; англ. Cross River languages) — языковая надветвь бенуэ-конголезской семьи. Область распространения — юго-восточные районы Нигерии (побережье залива Биафра и бассейн реки Кросс, штаты Кросс-Ривер, Аква-Ибом, Абия, Риверс и Байельса) и приграничные с Нигерией районы Камеруна. Включает около 70 языков[1][2][3]. Кросс-риверская надветвь — одно из немногих языковых объединений нигеро-конголезской макросемьи, классификация которой до настоящего времени существенно не пересматривалась. Общее число говорящих — около 6 млн человек (оценка на начало 2000-х годов).
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