lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Dan /ˈdæn/[2] is a Mande language spoken primarily in Ivory Coast (~800,000 speakers) and Liberia (150,000–200,000 speakers). There is also a population of about 800 speakers in Guinea. Dan is a tonal language, with around 9-11 contour and register tones depending on the dialect.

Dan
Yacouba
Region	Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Liberia.
Native speakers	1.6 million (2012)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo Mande Eastern Mande Southeastern Mano–Dan Guro–Dan Tura–Dan Dan
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: dnj – Dan lda – Kla
Glottolog	dann1241
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Alternative names for the language include Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da. Dialects are Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), and Kla. Kla is evidently a distinct language.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Near-Front	Central		Back
			Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i				ɯ	u
Near-close		ɪ²				ʊ²
Close-mid	e			ɵ¹	ɤ	o
Mid			ə¹
Open-mid	ɛ				ʌ	ɔ
Near-open	æ
Open	a				ɑ

¹Only in Liberian Dan

²Only in Eastern Dan

Consonants

	Bilabial		Labio-dental		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar				Labial-Velar		Glottal
	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced		Voiceless	Voiced	Labalized
										Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced
Nasal		m				n	ɲ¹		ŋ		ŋʷ¹
Plosive	p	b			t	d		k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ²	k͡p	ɡ͡b
Implosive		ɓ				ɗ
Fricative			f	v	s	z		x¹						h³
Approximant							j						w
Trill						r
Lateral						l

¹Only in Liberian Dan

²Not in Liberian Dan

³Not in western Dan

Writing system

The orthography of Liberia includes this alphabet:

Dan alphabet (Liberia)

A

B

Ɓ

D

Ɗ

E

Ɛ

F

G

GB

H

I

K

KP

KW

L

M

N

NW

NY

Ŋ

O

Ɔ

Ə

Ɵ

P

R

S

T

U

Ɥ

V

W

X

Y

Z

a

b

ɓ

d

ɗ

e

ɛ

f

g

gb

h

i

k

kp

kw

l

m

n

nw

ny

ŋ

o

ɔ

ə

ɵ

p

r

s

t

u

ɥ

v

w

x

y

z

IPA value

a

b

ɓ

d

ɗ

e

ɛ

f

ɡ

ɡ͡b

h

i

k

k͡p

kʷ

l

m

n

ŋʷ

ɲ

ŋ

o

ɔ

ə

ɵ

p

r

s

t

u

ɯ

v

w

x

j

z

[3][4]

Dan West alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire)

A

AƆ

B

BH

D

DH

E

Ɛ

Ë

ƐA

F

G

GB

GW

I

K

KP

KW

L

M

N

NG

O

Ɔ

Ö

P

R

S

T

U

Ü

V

W

Y

Z

a

aɔ

b

bh

d

dh

e

ɛ

ë

ɛa

f

g

gb

gw

i

k

kp

kw

l

m

n

ng

o

ɔ

ö

p

r

s

t

u

ü

v

w

y

z

IPA value

a

ɒ

b

ɓ

d

ɗ

e

ɛ

ʌ

æ

f

ɡ

ɡ͡b

gʷ

i

k

k͡p

kʷ

l

m

n

ŋ

o

ɔ

ɤ

p

r

s

t

u

ɯ

v

w

j

z

Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 1982

A

AƆ

B

BH

D

DH

E

Ë

Ɛ

ƐA

F

G

GB

GW

H

I

Ɩ

K

KP

KW

L

M

N

O

Ö

Ɔ

P

R

S

T

U

Ü

Ʋ

Ʋ̈

V

W

Y

Z

a

aɔ

b

bh

d

dh

e

ë

ɛ

ɛa

f

g

gb

gw

h

i

ɩ

k

kp

kw

l

m

n

o

ö

ɔ

p

r

s

t

u

ü

ʋ

ʋ̈

v

w

y

z

IPA value

a

ɒ

b

ɓ

d

ɗ

e

ʌ

ɛ

æ

f

ɡ

ɡ͡b

gʷ

h

i

ɪ

k

k͡p

kʷ

l

m

n

o

ɤ

ɔ

p

r

s

t

u

ɯ

ʊ

ʉ

v

w

j

z

Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 2014

A

Œ

B

BH

D

DH

E

Ʌ

Ɛ

Æ

F

G

GB

GW

H

I

Ɩ

K

KP

KW

L

M

N

O

ɤ

Ɔ

P

R

S

T

U

Ɯ

Ʋ

V

W

Y

Z

a

œ

b

bh

d

dh

e

ʌ

ɛ

æ

f

g

gb

gw

h

i

ɩ

k

kp

kw

l

m

n

o

ɤ

ɔ

p

r

s

t

u

ɯ

ʋ

v

w

y

z

IPA value

a

ɒ

b

ɓ

d

ɗ

e

ʌ

ɛ

æ

f

ɡ

ɡ͡b

gʷ

h

i

ɪ

k

k͡p

kʷ

l

m

n

o

ɤ

ɔ

p

r

s

t

u

ɯ

ʊ

v

w

j

z

The capital ɤ will be encoded in a future version of The Unicode Standard.[5]

Tones are marked as follows: extra high tone: a̋; high tone: á; medium tone: ā; low tone: à; extra low tone: ȁ; high drop tone: â; extra low hanging tone: aʼ.

The digraphs ⟨bh, dh, gb gw, kp, kw⟩ keep the same values as in the spelling of 1982, and the nasal vowels are also indicated by appending the letter n after the letter of the vowel ⟨an, æn, ʌn, ɛn, in, ɔn, œn, un⟩.

References

External links

• English-Dan Online Dictionary
• Roberts, David, Ginger Boyd, Johannes Merz, & Valentin Vydrin. 2020. Quantifying written ambiguities in tone languages: A comparative study of Elip, Mbelime, and Eastern Dan. Language Documentation & Conservation 14: 108-138. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24915.

На других языках

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[de] Dan (Sprache)

Dan (Yakuba) gehört zu den Mande-Sprachen. Alternative Bezeichnungen für die Sprache stellen Yacouba/Yakuba, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan und Da dar.

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- [en] Dan language

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[fr] Dan (langue)

Le dan, aussi appelé gio au Liberia et yacouba en Côte d’Ivoire, est un continuum linguistique de la branche sud-est des langues mandées et est parlé en Côte d’Ivoire, notamment par les Yacoubas, et au Liberia, mais aussi par une petite minorité en Guinée. Le dan est une langue tonale. Les langues mandées les plus proches sont le mano, le goo et le tura.

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