lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

Moghol (or Mogholi; Dari: مُغُلی) is a critically endangered or possibly extinct Mongolic language spoken in the province of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the remnants of Genghis Khan's Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.[3]

Mogholi
Native toAfghanistan
RegionNear Herat Province
Ethnicity2,000[1]
Native speakers
200 (2003)[2]
Language family
Mongolic
  • Mogholi
Language codes
ISO 639-3mhj
Glottologmogh1245
ELPMogholi

In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language.[4]

The language has been strongly influenced by Persian in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian creole language".[4]


Script


Historically, the Moghol language was written using the Arabic script.[5] Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.[6]

ح چ ج ث ت پ ب ا
ش س ژ ز ر ذ د خ
ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص
ی و ه ن م ل گ ك

Grammar


Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.

Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mode. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -tar and -tariin, but not for number and case.


Phonology


Moghol's phonology is influenced by Persian. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: /i e a u o ɔ/.[4]

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal
Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced z ʒ
Nasal m n
Approximant l j w
Trill r ʀ

Sample


Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir.

Weiers' Moghol text:
Dotanamni dog baina
Hawoi ukini aimag baina
Nesoni ugunambi agar toni baiji
Mota giri qara qurgani baina.
Ekimni dard kina halmini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini khodai jaan
Ena bemoreztu parwoimini geibe.
English translation from Weiers' German:
Inside my heart there is a wound
The girl I search and long for is of the Aimaq tribe
One sign I give you, if near her you happen to be
Know that in her ger (yurt) there is a black lamb
My head hurts, my condition is bad
I'm sick and do not care
I'm sick, but my concern is the love of God
This disease I give (therefore) no attention.

Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):

Weiers' Moghol text:
Argun-i kulkah utalat Cingiz kulkah ulu’at
Nirah-ci-du kulkah gahat ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari
Karyas-du-ci kibah nudun lar-i dazam iz abatun
Mun abd qadir gai urun ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari
English translation from Weiers' German:
Lord of lords Arghun of old, Genghis king of kings
Under your name is all things old oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand
In your fence (camp) the eyes of suffering friends will rest
That same Abd Qadir rests peacefully oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand

Pronouns


The Moghol personal pronouns are:[4]

personsingularplural
1st bibidah ~ bidat (inclusive);
mån (exclusive)
2nd citå ~ tåd
3rd i ~ ihtid ~ tit

The demonstrative pronouns are:[4]

The interrogative pronouns are:[4]

The reflexive pronouns are:[4]


Numerals


The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):

English glossMoghol[4]Proto-Mongolic[7]Modern Mongolian
1onenikah ~ nika/n*nike/nneg
2twoqeyår ~ qiar*koxar ~ *koyarkhoyor
3threeghorbån ~ qurban*gurba/ngurav
4fourdorbån ~ durba/n*dörbe/ndöröv
5fivetåbun ~ tabun*tabu/ntav
6sixåsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish*jirguxa/nzurgaa
7sevendålån ~ húft*doluxa/ndoloo
8eightsålån ~ húshtu*na(y)ima/nnaym
9ninetåsån ~ no*yersü/nyös
10tenarbån ~ arban ~ dá*xarba/narav

Notes


  1. Moghol language at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  2. "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
  3. Sayed Zaki Faqerzai (n.d.). "Language of Speaking in Afghanistan". AsiaFront.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  4. Weiers, Michael. 2003. "Moghol," The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248–264.
  5. Mogholi alphabet is in Omniglot shown: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mogholi.htm
  6. Sanders, Alan J. K. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-5381-0227-5.
  7. Janhunen, Juha. 2003. The Mongolic Languages, p.16. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.

See also



Further reading




На других языках


[de] Moghol

Das Moghol (auch Mogholi) ist eine mongolische Sprache und gehört innerhalb dieser zu den südwestmongolischen Sprachen.
- [en] Moghol language

[fr] Moghol (langue)

Le moghol est une langue mongole parlée dans la province de Hérât, en Afghanistan, par les Moghols, des descendants de soldats mongols installées à l'époque des conquêtes de Genghis Khan au XIIIe siècle ou de Babur au XVIe siècle.

[it] Lingua mogholi

Il Mogholi (o Moghol o Mogul) è una lingua appartenente alla Famiglia linguistica Mongolica, parlata nella regione di Herat in Afghanistan, nei villaggi di Kundur e Karez-i-Mulla. È la lingua madre del Popolo Moghol, discendenti dei soldati mongoli di Gengis Khan, stanziati nel XIII° secolo nella regione. La lingua è probabilmente estinta, in quanto sui circa 2000 membri della popolazione, attualmente censiti, non risulta che più nessuno la parli[1].

[ru] Могольский язык

Могольский язык — язык моголов, относящийся к монгольской семье языков. Считался исчезающим уже в 1950-е годы; в настоящее время на нём, по имеющимся данным, говорит около 200 человек (представителей старшего поколения)[1][2]. Распространён в Афганистане в двух селениях около Герата: Кундур и Карез-и-Мулла. Носители могольского языка владеют также новоперсидским, пушту, дари. Этнические моголы на севере Афганистана говорят на пушту. Моголы считают себя потомками осевших в Афганистане монгольских воинов, посланных в начале XIII века Чингисханом для охраны земель в Афганистан.



Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии