lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Moghol (or Mogholi; Dari: مُغُلی) is a critically endangered or possibly extinct Mongolic language spoken in the province of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the remnants of Genghis Khan's Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.[3]

Mogholi
Native to	Afghanistan
Region	Near Herat Province
Ethnicity	2,000[1]
Native speakers	200 (2003)[2]
Language family	Mongolic Mogholi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mhj
Glottolog	mogh1245
ELP	Mogholi

In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language.[4]

The language has been strongly influenced by Persian in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian creole language".[4]

Script

Historically, the Moghol language was written using the Arabic script.[5] Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.[6]

ح	چ	ج	ث	ت	پ	ب	ا
ش	س	ژ	ز	ر	ذ	د	خ
ق	ف	غ	ع	ظ	ط	ض	ص
ی	و	ه	ن	م	ل	گ	ك

Grammar

Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.

Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mode. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -tar and -tariin, but not for number and case.

Phonology

Moghol's phonology is influenced by Persian. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: /i e a u o ɔ/.[4]

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	q	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ			h
	voiced		z	ʒ
Nasal		m	n
Approximant			l	j	w
Trill			r			ʀ

Sample

Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir.

Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):

Pronouns

The Moghol personal pronouns are:[4]

person	singular	plural
1st	bi	bidah ~ bidat (inclusive); mån (exclusive)
2nd	ci	tå ~ tåd
3rd	i ~ ih	tid ~ tit

The demonstrative pronouns are:[4]

• inah ~ enah ‘this’
• inat ~ enad ‘these’
• mun ~ munah ‘that’
• munat ~ mutah ~ mutat ‘those’

The interrogative pronouns are:[4]

• emah ~ imah ~ imas ‘what’
• ken ~ kiyan ‘who’
• kenaiki ‘whose’
• emadu ~ imadu ~ emaji ~ imaji ~ emagalah ‘why’
• emaula- ‘to do what’
• ked ~ keddu ‘how much’
• keja ‘when’
• oshtin ‘how’

The reflexive pronouns are:[4]

• orin ‘self’
• orindu-nah ‘for oneself’
• usa-nah ‘self’

Numerals

The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):

	English gloss	Moghol[4]	Proto-Mongolic[7]	Modern Mongolian
1	one	nikah ~ nika/n	*nike/n	neg
2	two	qeyår ~ qiar	*koxar ~ *koyar	khoyor
3	three	ghorbån ~ qurban	*gurba/n	gurav
4	four	dorbån ~ durba/n	*dörbe/n	döröv
5	five	tåbun ~ tabun	*tabu/n	tav
6	six	åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish	*jirguxa/n	zurgaa
7	seven	dålån ~ húft	*doluxa/n	doloo
8	eight	sålån ~ húshtu	*na(y)ima/n	naym
9	nine	tåsån ~ no	*yersü/n	yös
10	ten	arbån ~ arban ~ dá	*xarba/n	arav

Notes

See also

• Nikudari

Further reading

• G. J. Ramstedt. 1906. "Mogholica. Beiträge zur kenntnis der moghol-sprache in Afghanistan." JSFOu 23-4.
• Louis Ligeti. 1954. "Le lexique moghol de R. Leech," AOH 4.
• Л. Лигети. 1954. "О монгольских и тюркиских языках и диалектах Афганистана," AOH 4.
• Sh. Iwamura and H. F. Schurmann. 1954. "Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan," Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-Kagaku-Kenkyusyo, Kyoto University. Kyoto University.
• Shinobu Iwamura. 1961. The Zirni Manuscript: A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar. Kyoto University.
• H. F. Schurmann. 1962. The Moghols of Afghanistan. Mouton & Co.
• Michael Weiers. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (Sprachmaterial, Grammatik, Wortliste). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

На других языках

---

[de] Moghol

Das Moghol (auch Mogholi) ist eine mongolische Sprache und gehört innerhalb dieser zu den südwestmongolischen Sprachen.

---

- [en] Moghol language

---

[fr] Moghol (langue)

Le moghol est une langue mongole parlée dans la province de Hérât, en Afghanistan, par les Moghols, des descendants de soldats mongols installées à l'époque des conquêtes de Genghis Khan au XIIIe siècle ou de Babur au XVIe siècle.

---

[it] Lingua mogholi

Il Mogholi (o Moghol o Mogul) è una lingua appartenente alla Famiglia linguistica Mongolica, parlata nella regione di Herat in Afghanistan, nei villaggi di Kundur e Karez-i-Mulla. È la lingua madre del Popolo Moghol, discendenti dei soldati mongoli di Gengis Khan, stanziati nel XIII° secolo nella regione. La lingua è probabilmente estinta, in quanto sui circa 2000 membri della popolazione, attualmente censiti, non risulta che più nessuno la parli[1].

---

[ru] Могольский язык

Могольский язык — язык моголов, относящийся к монгольской семье языков. Считался исчезающим уже в 1950-е годы; в настоящее время на нём, по имеющимся данным, говорит около 200 человек (представителей старшего поколения)[1][2]. Распространён в Афганистане в двух селениях около Герата: Кундур и Карез-и-Мулла. Носители могольского языка владеют также новоперсидским, пушту, дари. Этнические моголы на севере Афганистана говорят на пушту. Моголы считают себя потомками осевших в Афганистане монгольских воинов, посланных в начале XIII века Чингисханом для охраны земель в Афганистан.

---

---