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Buryat, or Buriat[1][2] (/ˈbʊriæt/;[3] Buryat Cyrillic: буряад хэлэн, buryaad xelen, [burʲˈaːt xɛˈlɯŋ]), known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian,[note 1][4] is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.

Buryat
Buriat
буряад хэлэн buryaad xelen ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ
Native to	Eastern Russia (Buryat Republic, Ust-Orda Buryatia, Aga Buryatia), northern Mongolia, Northeast China (Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia)
Ethnicity	Buryats, Barga Mongols
Native speakers	(265,000 in Russia and Mongolia (2010 census); 65,000 in China cited 1982 census)[1]
Language family	Mongolic Central Mongolic Buryat
Writing system	Cyrillic, Mongolian script, Vagindra script, Latin
Official status
Official language in	Buryatia (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	bua Buriat
ISO 639-3	bua – inclusive code Buriat Individual codes: bxu – Inner Mongolian (China) Buriat bxm – Mongolia Buriat bxr – Russia Buriat
Glottolog	buri1258
ELP	Eastern Buryat Western Buryat New Bargut Old Bargut
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Geographic distribution

The majority of Buryat speakers live in Russia along the northern border of Mongolia where it is an official language in the Buryat Republic and was an official language in the former Ust-Orda Buryatia and Aga Buryatia autonomous okrugs.[5] In the Russian census of 2002, 353,113 people out of an ethnic population of 445,175 reported speaking Buryat (72.3%). Some other 15,694 can also speak Buryat, mostly ethnic Russians.[6] Buryats in Russia have a separate literary standard, written in a Cyrillic alphabet.[7] It is based on the Russian alphabet with three additional letters: Ү/ү, Ө/ө and Һ/һ.

There are at least 100,000 ethnic Buryats in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, as well.[8]

Dialects

The delimitation of Buryat mostly concerns its relationship to its immediate neighbors, Mongolian proper and Khamnigan. While Khamnigan is sometimes regarded as a dialect of Buryat, this is not supported by isoglosses. The same holds for Tsongol and Sartul dialects, which rather group with Khalkha Mongolian to which they historically belong. Buryat dialects are:

• Khori group east of Lake Baikal comprising Khori, Aga, Tugnui, and North Selenga dialects. Khori is also spoken by most Buryats in Mongolia and a few speakers in Hulunbuir.
• Lower Uda (Nizhneudinsk) dialect, the dialect situated furthest to the west and which shows the strongest influence by Turkic
• Alar–Tunka group comprising Alar, Tunka–Oka, Zakamna, and Unga in the southwest of Lake Baikal in the case of Tunka also in Mongolia.
• Ekhirit–Bulagat group in the Ust’-Orda National District comprising Ekhirit–Bulagat, Bokhan, Ol’khon, Barguzin, and Baikal–Kudara
• Bargut group in Hulunbuir (which is historically known as Barga), comprising Old Bargut and New Bargut[9]

Based on loan vocabulary, a division might be drawn between Russia Buriat, Mongolia Buriat and Inner Mongolian Buriat.[10] However, as the influence of Russian is much stronger in the dialects traditionally spoken west of Lake Baikal, a division might rather be drawn between the Khori and Bargut group on the one hand and the other three groups on the other hand.[11]

Phonology

Buryat has the vowel phonemes /i, ɯ, e, a, u, ʊ, o, ɔ/ (plus a few diphthongs),[12] short /e/ being realized as [ɯ], and the consonant phonemes /b, g, d, tʰ, m, n, x, l, r/ (each with a corresponding palatalized phoneme) and /s, ʃ, z, ʒ, h, j/.[13][14] These vowels are restricted in their occurrence according to vowel harmony.[15] The basic syllable structure is (C)V(C) in careful articulation, but word-final CC clusters may occur in more rapid speech if short vowels of non-initial syllables get dropped.[16]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		ɯ	u
			ʊ
Mid	e	(ə)	o
			ɔ
Open		a

[ɯ] only occurs as a sound of a short e. [ə] is only an allophone of unstressed vowels.

Other lengthened vowel sounds that are written only as diphthongs are heard as [ɛː œː yː].

Consonants

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.		plain	pal.
Plosive	aspirated			tʰ	tʲʰ
	voiced	b	bʲ	d	dʲ		ɡ	ɡʲ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ	x	xʲ	h
	voiced			z		ʒ
Nasal		m	mʲ	n	nʲ		(ŋ)
Lateral				l	lʲ
Rhotic				r	rʲ
Approximant						j

[ŋ] only occurs as an allophone of /n/.

Stress

Lexical stress (word accent) falls on the last heavy nonfinal syllable when one exists. Otherwise, it falls on the word-final heavy syllable when one exists. If there are no heavy syllables, then the initial syllable is stressed. Heavy syllables without primary stress receive secondary stress:[17]

ˌHˈHL	[ˌøːɡˈʃøːxe]	"to act encouragingly"
LˌHˈHL	[naˌmaːˈtuːlxa]	"to cause to be covered with leaves"
ˌHLˌHˈHL	[ˌbuːzaˌnuːˈdiːje]	"steamed dumplings (accusative)"
ˌHˈHLLL	[ˌtaːˈruːlaɡdaxa]	"to be adapted to"
ˈHˌH	[ˈboːˌsoː]	"bet"
LˈHˌH	[daˈlaiˌɡaːr]	"by sea"
LˈHLˌH	[xuˈdaːliŋɡˌdaː]	"to the husband's parents"
LˌHˈHˌH	[daˌlaiˈɡaːˌraː]	"by one's own sea"
ˌHLˈHˌH	[ˌxyːxenˈɡeːˌreː]	"by one's own girl"
LˈH	[xaˈdaːr]	"through the mountain"
ˈLL	[ˈxada]	"mountain"[18]

Secondary stress may also occur on word-initial light syllables without primary stress, but further research is required. The stress pattern is the same as in Khalkha Mongolian.[17]

Writing systems

From the end of the 17th century, Classical Mongolian was used in clerical and religious practice. The language of the end of the XVII — XIX centuries is conventionally referred to as the Old Buryat literary and written language.

Before the October Revolution, Western Buryats clerical work was conducted in Russian language, and not by the Buryats themselves, but originally sent by representatives of the tsarist administration, the so-called clerks, the old-Mongolian script was used only by ancestral nobility, lamas and traders Relations with Tuva, Outer and Inner Mongolia.[19]

In 1905, on the basis of the Old Mongolian letter Agvan Dorzhiev a script was created Vagindra, which until 1910 had at least a dozen books printed. However, vagindra was not widespread.

In USSR in 1926 began the organized scientific development of the Buryat romanized writing. In 1929, the draft Buryat alphabet was ready. It contained the following letters: A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ә ә, Ɔ ɔ, G g, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Y y, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, H h, F f, V v.[20] However, this project was not approved. In February 1930, a new version of the Latinized alphabet was approved. It contained letters of the standard Latin alphabet (except for h, q, x), digraphs ch, sh, zh, and also the letter ө. But in January 1931, its modified version was officially adopted, unified with other alphabets of peoples USSR.

Buryat alphabet (Latin) 1931-1939

A a	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n	O o
Ө ө	P p	R r	S s	Ş ş	T t	U u	V v
X x[21]	Y y	Z z	Ƶ ƶ	ь[21]

In 1939, the Latinized alphabet was replaced by Cyrillic with the addition of three special letters (Ү ү, Ө ө, Һ һ).

Modern Buryat alphabet (Cyrillic) since 1939

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж
З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	О о
Ө ө	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ү ү	Ф ф
Х х	Һ һ	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы
Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Buryats changed the literary base of their written language three times in order to approach the living spoken language. Finally, in 1936, Khorinsky oriental dialect, close and accessible to most native speakers, was chosen as the basis of the literary language at the linguistic conference in Ulan-Ude.

Cyrillic	Latin	Latin (Historical)
А, а	A, a	A, a
Б, б	B, b	B, в
В, в	V, v	V, v
Г, г	G, g	G, g
Д, д	D, d	D, d
Е, е / Э, э	E, e	E, e
Ё, ё	Yo, yo	Jo, jo
Ж, ж	J, j	Ƶ, ƶ
З, з	Z, z	Z, z

Grammar

Buryat is an SOV language that makes exclusive use of postpositions. Buryat is equipped with eight grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, ablative, comitative, dative-locative and a particular oblique form of the stem.[22]

Numerals

	English	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Buryat
1	One	Nige	Neg	Negen
2	Two	Qoyar	Xoyor	Xoyor
3	Three	Ghurba(n)	Gurav	Gurban
4	Four	Dörbe(n)	Döröv	Dürben
5	Five	Tabu	Tav	Taban
6	Six	Jirghugha(n)	Zurgaa	Zurgaan
7	Seven	Dolugha(n)	Doloo	Doloon
8	Eight	Naima(n)	Naim	Naiman
9	Nine	Yisü	Yos	Yühen
10	Ten	Arba(n)	Arav	Arban

Notes

Notes

References

• Poppe, Nicholas (1960): Buriat grammar. Uralic and Altaic series (No. 2). Bloomington: Indiana University.
• Skribnik, Elena (2003): Buryat. In: Juha Janhunen (ed.): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge: 102–128.
• Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Walker, Rachel (1997): Mongolian stress, licensing, and factorial typology. (Online on the Rutgers Optimality Archive website: roa.rutgers.edu/article/view/183.)

Further reading

• Санжеев Г. Д. (1962). Грамматика бурятского языка. Фонетика и морфология [Sanzheev, G.D. Grammar of Buryat. Phonetics and morphology] (PDF, 23 Mb) (in Russian).

• (ru) Н. Н. Поппе, Бурят-монгольское языкознание, Л., Изд-во АН СССР, 1933
• Anthology of Buryat folklore, Pushkinskiĭ dom, 2000 (CD)

External links

Buryat edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Russian-Buryat On-Line Dictionary
• Russian-Buryat On-Line Dictionary (concise)

На других языках

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[de] Burjatische Sprache

Die burjatische Sprache gehört der östlichen (Sprach-)Gruppe der mongolischen Sprachen an.

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- [en] Buryat language

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[es] Idioma buriato

El idioma buriato es una lengua mongólica hablada por los buriatos, que habitan en Siberia, principalmente cerca del límite de Rusia con Mongolia y China. Es, junto al ruso, el idioma oficial en la república rusa de Buriatia.

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[fr] Bouriate

Le bouriate (Буряад хэлэн Bouriaad khelen) est une langue mongole parlée en Russie, dans la république de Bouriatie, et par des populations moins nombreuses en Mongolie et en Chine, dans l'Est de la Mongolie-Intérieure. C'est la langue des Bouriates.

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[it] Lingua buriata

La lingua buriata o buriato (nome nativo буряад хэлэн, burâad hèlèn) è una lingua mongolica parlata in Cina, Mongolia e Russia.

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[ru] Бурятский язык

Буря́тский язы́к (самоназвание — буряад хэлэн) (в СССР с 1917 по 1956 год — бурят-монгольский язык; в Китае — баргу-бурятский диалект монгольского языка[прим. 1][1]) — язык бурят и баргутов. Один из двух, наряду с русским, государственных языков Республики Бурятия.

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