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The Monguor language (Chinese: 土族语; pinyin: Tǔzúyǔ; also written Mongour and Mongor) is a Mongolic language of its Shirongolic branch and is part of the Gansu–Qinghai sprachbund (also called the Amdo sprachbund). There are several dialects, mostly spoken by the Monguor people. A written script was devised for Huzhu Monguor (Mongghul) in the late 20th century but has been little used.

Monguor
Dēd Mongol, Tu
moŋɡuer
Native toChina
RegionQinghai, Gansu
Native speakers
150,000 (2000 census)[1]
Language family
Mongolic
  • Shirongolic [fr]
    • Monguor
Dialects
  • Mongghul
  • Mangghuer
Writing system
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3mjg
Glottologtuuu1240
ELP
GlottopediaMangghuer[2]

A division into two languages, namely Mongghul in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County and Mangghuer in Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County, is considered necessary by some linguists. While Mongghul was under strong influence from Amdo Tibetan, the same holds for Mangghuer and Sinitic languages, and local varieties of Chinese such as the Gangou language were in turn influenced by Monguor.


Phonology



Vowels


Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Phoneme/Sound Allophones Notes
/i/ [i] [ɪ] in stressed syllables
[ɨ] when following alveolar sibilants or affricates
[ɨ˞] when following a retroflex consonant
/e/ [e] [ə] in stressed syllables without onset clusters or coda consonants
[ɛ] in a syllable with a palatal onset or palatal coda
[ə̝] in a syllable with a nasal coda consonant
/a/ [ä] [ɑ] in a syllable closed by a velar nasal coda /ŋ/
[ɐ] before a syllable-final /j/
[æ] when a syllable is closed by an alveolar nasal /n/
[ɛ] when following a palatal onset consonant, and preceding an alveolar nasal /n/
/o/ [o] [ɵ] may be closer in different environments
/u/ [u] [ʊ] when in unstressed syllables
[ʉ] when following palatal consonants

Consonants


Labial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal
Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Stop voiceless p t k q
aspirated
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ɕ t͡ʂ
aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ t͡ʂʰ
Fricative f s ɕ ʂ χ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant liquid l ɻ
central j w

Numerals


Mongolian numerals such as the following[4] are only in use in the Mongghul dialect, while Mangghuer speakers have switched to counting in Chinese.[4] Note that while the Mongolian script has only arban for 'ten', Middle Mongolian *harpa/n including *h can be reconstructed from the scripts.[5]

Numeral Classical Mongolian Monguor
1 nigen nige
2 qoyar ghoori
3 ghurban ghuran
4 dörben deeran
5 tabun tawun
6 jirghughan jirighun
7 dologhan duluun
8 naiman niiman
9 yisün shdzin
10 arban haran

Notes


  1. Monguor at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Glottopedia article on Monguor language.
  3. Slater, Keith W. (2003). A Grammar of Mangghuer: A Mongolic Language of China's Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund. Routledge.
  4. Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, Slater et al. 1996: 4
  5. Svantesson et al. 2005: 130

References





На других языках


[de] Mangghuer

Das Mangghuer, auch Monguor (davon veraltet Mongorisch), Monghuol, Tu oder Tuzuyu (chinesisch .mw-parser-output .Hans{font-size:110%}土族语) genannt, ist eine mongolische Sprache. Sie wird in den chinesischen Provinzen Gansu und Qinghai gesprochen.
- [en] Monguor language

[es] Idioma huzhu

La lengua huzhu, también conocida como monguor, mongghul o mangghuer, es una lengua mongólica hablada por aproximadamente 150 000 personas[1] en el noroeste de la provincia Qinghai, China. La lengua ha tenido una fuerte influencia de las lenguas chinas y tibetanas circundantes del área de convergencia lingüística Qinghai-Gansu. La lengua comparte las características típicas de las familias mongólicas: es una lengua aglutinante, exclusivamente sufijante con un orden básico SOV.

[fr] Monguor

Le monguor (chinois : 蒙古尔 ; pinyin : Měnggǔěr, terme dérivé du terme mongol) ou tu (chinois : 土族语 ; pinyin : tǔzúyǔ ; litt. « langue de la nationalité Tu ») est une langue mongole orientale, parlées dans l'Est de la province du Qinghai et dans le Gansu, en Chine, par 152 000 Tus (ou Monguors). Elle comporte plusieurs dialectes, dont le Mongghul, parlé dans le Xian autonome tu de Huzhu sur lequel les Tibétains de l'Amdo on exercée une influence linguistique forte[2].

[ru] Монгорский язык

Монгорский язык (ту, широнгол-монгольский, кит. упр. 土族语, пиньинь Tǔzúyǔ) — язык монгоров, относится к монгольской семье языков. Распространён в Китае на востоке провинции Цинхай (в уездах Хучжу, Миньхэ, Датун и Тунжэнь) и в провинции Ганьсу. Количество говорящих — 152 000 (1999). Существует два сильноразличающихся диалекта — хуцзу и минхэ.



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