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The Bonan language (pronounced [p⁼aoˈnaŋ], Baonang; Chinese: 保安语, Bǎo'ānyǔ; Amdo Tibetan: Dorké) is the Mongolic language of the Bonan people of China. As of 1985, it was spoken by about 8,000 people, including about 75% of the total Bonan ethnic population and many ethnic Monguor, in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces. There are several dialects, which are influenced to varying degrees — but always heavily — by Chinese and Tibetan, while bilingualism in Wutun is less common. The most commonly studied is the Tongren dialect. There is no writing system in use.[2] The language is also referred to as "Manegacha", natively.[3]

Bonan
Native toChina
RegionGansu, Qinghai
Native speakers
6,000 (1999)[1]
Language family
Mongolic
  • Shirongolic [fr]
    • Bonan
Language codes
ISO 639-3peh
Glottologbona1250
ELP
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology


Bonan phonology has been heavily influenced by Tibetan. Consonants possess a voicedness contrast. Initial consonant clusters of mostly falling sonority are present in native words, as are heavy diphthongs, though the content of both is heavily restricted. The possible word-initial consonant clusters in Bonan are [mp, nt, nt͡ɕ, ntʂ, ŋk, tʰχ, χt͡ɕ, rt͡ɕ, lt͡ɕ, ft, fk, ʂp, ʂk].

Ñantoq Baoan has six vowels /a, e, ə, i, ɵ, u/, with long counterparts for all except /ə/.[4]

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-
palatal
Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d g ɢ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ɕ
voiced d͡z d͡ʑ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ χ h
voiced ʑ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Morphology


Bonan, like other Mongolic languages, is agglutinative.

There are five case markings for Bonan nouns: Nominative, Accusative-Genitive, Dative-Locative, Ablative-Comparative, and Instrumentative.

Verbal morphology is quite complex. Evidentiality is marked in the indicative mood as "definite" or "indefinite" with a specific suffix or with an auxiliary verb. The present definite is used to mark naturally occurring phenomena, while the present indefinite indicates the habits of animals. The indefinite may also mark volition. The future, continuous, and perfective suffixes also possess markers for evidentiality that are often used to mark negation.


Syntax


Bonan has a primary SOV (subject–object–verb), but topicalization of an object is common. It is known for its peculiar double marking of the copula. A Mongolic copula, of which there are several with different meanings, comes sentence-finally, following Bonan SOV word order, while a copula [ʂɪ] from Chinese /ʂɨ̂/ "to be" appears between the copula's subject and complement, as in Chinese SVO word order. This Chinese copula is optional and is used to emphasize the subject. The definite, but not indefinite, copula can also act as a participle following some finite verbs. For example:

ənə

this

ʂɪ

COP

kuŋʂə-nə

commune-GEN

t͡ɕʰitʂə

car

o

IND.COP

ənə ʂɪ kuŋʂə-nə t͡ɕʰitʂə o

this COP commune-GEN car IND.COP

"This is the commune's car." (Buhe & Liu 1985: 65)

Uniquely among Mongolic languages, adjectives follow the noun they modify. This is due to Tibetan influence.


Notes


  1. Bonan at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
  2. Mi, Shoujiang; You, Jia (2004). Islam in China. Translated by Min, Chang. China Intercontinental Press. p. 57. ISBN 7-5085-0533-6.
  3. "Gerald Roche on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27.[user-generated source]
  4. Nugteren, Hans (2011). Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages (Ph.D. thesis). Leiden University. hdl:1887/18188.

References



На других языках


- [en] Bonan language

[fr] Bonan (langue)

Le bonan (ou bao’an) est une langue mongole parlée dans les provinces du Gansu et du Qinghai, en Chine par 6 000 Bonan.

[it] Lingua bonan

La Lingua Bonan (p⁼aoˈnaŋ, Baonang) (Cinese 保安语 Bǎo'ān, Tibetano Dorké) è una lingua della Famiglia linguistica delle Lingue mongoliche, parlata dal popolo dei Bonan, una delle 56 minoranze riconosciute in Cina. Secondo Ethnologue.com, la lingua è ancora parlata da circa 6000 persone, su una popolazione etnica di 24.500[1] stanziati nelle provincie di Gansu e Qinghai e nella prefettura autonoma di Ningsia Hui.

[ru] Баоаньский язык

Баоаньский язык (кит. 保安语; Bao’an, Baonan, Boan, Bonan, Paoan, Paongan) — язык баоаньского (и частично монгорского) населения КНР. Распространён в Цзишишань-Баоань-Дунсян-Саларском автономном уезде Линься-Хуэйского автономного округа провинции Ганьсу и в уезде Тунжэнь Хуаннань-Тибетского автономного округа провинции Цинхай. Относится к монгольской языковой семье. Диалекты: дахэцзяский, тунжэньский (Tungyen), чжишишаньский (Dahejia, Dajiahe, Dakheczjha). У чжишишаньского диалекта также есть поддиалекты: ганьхэтаньский и дадуньский, у тунжэньского есть гачжури, гомари, нижний баоаньский и няньдухунский поддиалекты.



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