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Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) comprises the North Western (Pashto: شمال لويديزه پښتو) and North Eastern (Pashto: شمال ختيځه پښتو) dialects.[3]

Northern Comparison

موږ

"we"
Northern [Wardak]
/muʝ/
Northern [Eastern and Western dialects]
/munɡ/
Northern [Eastern and Western dialects]
/muɡ/
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Northern Pashto
Native toPakistan, Afghanistan
EthnicityPashtun
Native speakers
21 million (2013)[1]
Language family
Indo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Iranian
      • Eastern Iranian
Writing system
Pashto alphabet
Official status
Regulated byPashto Academy (Peshawar, Pakistan)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pbu
Glottolognort2646

North Eastern


Northeastern Pashto,[4] is spoken primarily in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.


Yusapzai


Yusapzai ژ Shift
The change from /ʒ/ to /d͡ʒ/
Literary: هيبوه لا ژوندۍ ده

Pashto pronunciation: [/hi.ˈba.wa lɑ d͡ʒwan.ˈd̪əi d̪a/]

Meaning: The ibis is still alive
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Yusufzai/Yusapzai Pashto is the most-spoken subdialect[5] in the Northeastern Dialect.

Comparison:

Dialects[6] ښ ږ څ ځ ژ
North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai) [x] [ɡ] [s] [z] [d͡ʒ]
North Western (e.g Jalalabad) [x] [ɡ] [s] [z] [ʒ]
North Western (e.g. Wardak) [ç] [ʝ] [t͡s] [d͡z] [ʒ, z]

Lexical Variation

Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[7]

Meaning Mardan Swat
Ring ګتمه

gʊ́tma

 ګوتۍ

gwә́təi or Guta

Spinach ساګ

sāg

 سابه

sābә́

Cup پيالۍ

pyālә́i

 پياله

pyālá

Puppy کوتری

kutré or Spey

 کوکری

kukré


Sub-regional lexical variation

Even with regions there can be minor differences in pronunciation. Example:

Malakand District

[some localities]

 Malakand District

[general]

 Standard Pashto Meaning
فپه

fpa

 ښپه

xpa

 پښه

px̌a,

pxa,

pša,

pṣ̌a

 foot

North Western


ښه يمه - in Northern Dialects
North Western [Wardak]
/çə ˈjə.ma/
North Eastern and North Western [Jalalabad]
/xə ˈjə.ma/
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The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[8]


Phonological Variation


Recording of a native Wardag Dialect Speaker
موږ به دا

/muʝ bə d̪ɑ/

We will this...
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There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[9]

Meaning Wardak Jalalabad Bati Kot
دوی they deɪ ˈduwi ˈduwi
راکړه give [imperative of راکول] ˈrɑka ˈrɑka ˈrɑkɽa
پوهېدل to know [infinitive] pijeˈdəl pojeˈdəl pojidəl
شپږ six ʃpaʝ ʃpag ʃpiʒ
وريځ cloud wərˈjed͡z wrez wəˈred͡z
ښځه woman ˈçəd͡za ˈxəza
اوبه water oˈbə uˈbə oˈbə

References


  1. Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
  3. "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  4. Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
  5. "Redirected". 19 November 2019.
  6. Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
  7. Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. 44 (650): 21–52.
  8. Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
  9. Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.


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На других языках

- [en] Northern Pashto

[ru] Юсуфзайский пушту

Юсуфзайский, пешаварский или северо-восточный диалект языка пушту (пушту يوسفزیی، پېښوری‎ yūsufzəyi, pexawərī) — престижный диалект языка пушту, распространённый среди представителей племени Юсуфзай и пуштунского населения на Севере провинции Хайбер-Пахтунхва (включая город Пешавар). Близок к диалектам афганских провинций Нангархар и Кабул, а также говорам пакистанских Моманда и Хайбера (около 90 % совпадений в лексике). Сильно отличается от диалектов Вазиристана (всего около 70 % совпадений с языком города Вана), южных диалектов Кандагара и Кветты (около 80 % совпадений).


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