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The Sarikoli language (also Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the related Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, which is considered a dialect of Persian.

Sarikoli
Tujik ziv (Тоҷик зив)
Native toPeople's Republic of China
RegionPamir (Taxkorgan County)
EthnicityPamiris
Native speakers
16,000 (2000)[1]
Language family
Indo-European
Writing system
Uyghur Arabic alphabet (unofficial)[2]
Official status
Official language in
China
Language codes
ISO 639-3srh
Glottologsari1246
ELPSarikoli
Linguasphere58-ABD-eb
Xinjiang Province. Light blue are areas where Sarikoli is spoken.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Nomenclature


Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" (Chinese: 塔吉克语, Tǎjíkèyǔ) in China.[3] However, it is not closely related to Tajik (a form of Persian) as spoken in Tajikistan because Sarikoli is an Eastern Iranian language, closely related to other Pamir languages largely spoken in the Badakshan regions of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, whereas the Western Iranian Farsi-Dari-Tajik is a polycentric language of a related but distinctly and historically different type. Both of these types of language and dialect clusters have been geographically separated by great distances and mountainous terrain over the course of long periods of time during which many differences of pronunciation, wording and xenolinguistic borrowings or retention of older forms or word choices accumulated over time.[4] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[5] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom -- now the Tashkurgan (or Taxkorgan) Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China. However, the usage of the term Tashkorghani is not widespread among scholars.[citation needed]

The earliest written accounts in English are from the 1870s which generally use the name "Sarikoli" to refer to the language, but some written accounts since that time may use a different pronunciation derived from transcribing Chinese phonetics of the term into English as "Selekur(i)".[6] Modern Chinese researchers often mention Sarikoli and Tajik names in their papers.[7][2]


Distribution of speakers


The number of speakers is around 35,000; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Southern Xinjiang Province, China. The Chinese name for the Sarikoli language, as well as the usage of Sarikol as a toponym, is Sàléikuòlèyǔ (萨雷阔勒语). Speakers in China typically use Chinese and Uyghur to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. The rest are found in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Kashmir, closely touching the Pakistan-Chinese international borders.


Writing system


The language has no official written form. Linguist Gāo Èrqiāng, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[4][8] while Tatiana N. Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used an alphabet similar to that of the Wakhi language in hers.[9][10] The majority of Sarikoli-speakers attend schools using Uyghur as the medium of instruction.[citation needed]



In academia


In 1958, linguist Gāo Èrqiāng studied Sarikoli in collaboration with Tajik linguists, using 37 symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of the language. In the 1996 Sarikoli–Han dictionary, Gāo Èrqiāng uses an alphabet of 26 letters and 8 digraphs based on Pinyin.

Sarikoli alphabet (Gao 1996)[11]
Uppercase A B C D DZ E F G GC GH H HY I J K KH L M
Lowercase a b c d dz e f g gc gh h hy i j k kh l m
Pronunciation a b x d d͡z e f ɡ ɣ ʁ χ h i d͡ʒ k q l m
Uppercase N O P Q R S SS T TS U Ü V W X Y Z ZY ZZ
Lowercase n o p q r s ss t ts u ü v w x y z zy zz
Pronunciation n o p t͡ʃ r s θ t t͡s u ɯ v w ʃ j z ʒ ð

Uyghur Alphabet


In recent years, Sarikoli speakers in China have used Uyghur Arabic alphabet to spell out their language.[2]

Sarikoli Uyghur Arabic Alphabet
Letter IPA Letter IPA
1 ئا /ɑ/ 21 ق /q/
2 ئە /ɛ/ 22 ك /k/, /c/
3 ب /b/ 23 گ /ɡ/, /ɟ/
4 پ /p/ 24 ڭ /ŋ/
5 ت /t/ 25 ل /l/
6 ث /θ/
7 ج /dʑ/ 26 م /m/
8 چ /tɕ/ 27 ن /n/
9 څ /t͡s/
10 خ /χ/, /x/
11 ځ /d͡z/ 28 ھ /h/
12 د /d/ 29 ئو /o/
13 ذ /ð/
14 ر /r/ 30 ئۇ /u/
15 ز /z/ 31 ئۆ /ø/
16 ژ /ʑ/ 32 ئۈ /y/
17 س /s/ 33 ۋ /v/~/w/
18 ش /ɕ/ 34 ئې /e/
19 غ /ʁ/, /ɣ/ 35 ئى /i/
20 ف /f/ 36 ي /j/

Phonology



Vowels


Front Central Back
High i i ɯ ы u u
Near-high ʊ ů
High-mid e e ə ə o o
Low-mid ɛ ɛ (ɔ) o
Low a a

Sarikoli vowels as used in Russian works (IPA values in brackets):

a [a], e [e], ɛy [ɛi̯] (dialectal æy or ay [æi̯ / ai̯]), ɛw [ɛu̯] (dialectal æw or aw [æu̯ /au̯]), ə [ə], i [i], o [o / ɔ], u [u], ы [ɯ] (dialectal ů [ʊ]). In some dialects also long variants of those vowels can appear: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ы̄, ǝ̄. (citation?)


Consonants


Sarikoli has 30 consonants:[12]

Sarikoli consonants according to Russian Iranologist transcription (IPA values in slashes): p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, k /k ~ c/, g /ɡ ~ ɟ/, q /q/, c /ts/, ʒ /dz/, č /tɕ/, ǰ /dʑ/, s /s/, z /z/, /x/, γ̌ /ɣ/, f /f/, v /v/, θ /θ/, δ /ð/, x /χ/, γ /ʁ/, š /ɕ/, ž /ʑ/, h /h/, w /w/, y /j/, m /m/, n /n, ŋ/, l /l/, r /r/

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m m n n (ŋ) n
Plosive voiceless p p t t k ~ c k q q
voiced b b d d ɡ ~ ɟ g
Affricate voiceless ts c č
voiced dz ʒ ǰ
Fricative voiceless f f θ θ s s ɕ š x χ x h h
voiced v v ð δ z z ʑ ž ɣ γ̌ ʁ γ
Approximant w w l l j y
Rhotic r r

Stress


Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[4]



Vocabulary


Although to a large extent the Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, there are a large number are words unique to Sarikoli and the closely related Shughni that are not found in other Eastern Iranian languages like Wakhi, Pashto or Avestan.

Lexical comparison of eight Iranian languages together with an English translation[4]
English gloss Persian Tajik Wakhi Pashto Shughni Sarikoli Ossetic Avestan
onejæk (یک)jak (‍як)jijaw (يو)jiwiw iw (иу)aēuua-
meatɡuʃt (گوشت)ɡuʃt (гушт)ɡuʂtɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa (غوښه)ɡuːxtɡɯxt zizä (дзидза) gao- (N. gāuš)
sonpesær (پسر)pisar (писар)putrzoi (زوی)putspɯts fɪ̈rt (фырт)puθra-
fireɒteʃ (آتش)otaʃ (оташ)rɯχniɡor (اور)joːtsjuts ärt (арт)ātar-
waterɒb (اب)ob (об)jupkobə (اوبه)xatsxats don (дон)ap-
handdæst (دست)dast (даѕт)ðastlɑs (لاس)ðustðɯst kʼuχ (къух) zasta-
foot (پا)po (по)pɯðpxa, pʂa (پښه)poːðpeð fäd (фад) paδa-, pāδa-
toothdændɒn (دندان)dandon (дандон)ðɯnðɯkɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ)ðinðʉnðanðun dəndäg (дӕндаг)daṇtān-
eyetʃæʃm (چشم)tʃaʃm (чашм)tʂəʐmstərɡa (سترګه)tsemtsem səʃt (цæст)dōiθra-; caṣ̌man-
horseæsb (اسب)asp (асп)jaʃɑs (آس)voːrdʒvurdʒ bəχ (бӕх)aspa-
cloudæbr (ابر)abr (абр)mururjadz (اوريځ)abrivarm əvräʁ (æврагъ) / miʁ (мигъ)abda-; aβra-, aβrā-; maēγa-
wheatɡændom (گندم)ɡandum (гандум)ɣɯdimɣanam (غنم)ʒindamʒandam mənəw (мæнæу)gaṇtuma-
manybesjɒr (بسيار)bisjor (бисёр)təqiɖer, pura (ډېر، پوره)bisjoːrpɯr birə (бирæ)paoiri-
highbolænd (بلند)baland (баланд)bɯlandlwaɻ (لوړ)bilandbɯland bərʒond (бӕрзoнд) bərəzaṇt-
fardur (دور)dur (дур)ðirləre (لرې)ðarðar därd (дард) dūra-
goodχub (خوب)χub (хуб)bafxə, ʂə (ښه)χubtʃardʒ χorʒ (хорз)vaŋha-
smallkutʃik (کوچک))χurd (хурд)dzəqlailəɡ, ləʐ (لږ)dzuldzɯl gɪ̈ssɪ̈ɫ (гыццыл) kasu-
to sayɡoft (گفت)ɡuft (гуфт)xənakwajəl (ويل)lʉvdlevd zurɪ̈n (дзурын) vac-; aoj-; mrū-; saŋh-
to dokærd (کرد)kard (кард)tsərakkawəl (کول)tʃiːdtʃeiɡ kənɪ̈n (кæнын) kar-
to seedid (ديد)did (дид)wiŋɡwinəm (وينم)wiːntwand wɪ̈nɪ̈n (уынын)dī-, viŋ-

References


  1. Sarikoli at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Yang, Yi-fang 杨亦凡; Abdurahman Tursun 阿不都热合曼·吐尔逊 Aray Zangbek 阿来·藏别克 Qian, Wei-liang 钱伟量 (2017). "Jīyú "Yīdài Yīlù" zhànlüè shìjiǎo de Zhōngguó Tǎjíkè yǔyán wénzì bǎohù yǔ chuánchéng wèntí fēnxī" 基于"一带一路"战略视角的中国塔吉克语言文字保护与传承问题分析 [Research of Protection and Inheritance of Sarikoli Tajik Language and Characters]. Jiāmùsī zhíyè xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Juamjusi Education Institute (in Chinese). 2017 (4): 263–265. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-9795.2017.04.176. 近代以来,我国塔吉克族使用阿拉伯维吾尔文拼写高山塔吉克语
  3. A wide variety of varied transcriptions of the name "Sarikoli" are used in linguistic discussions, such as 萨里库尔语, Sàlǐkùěryǔ, 萨雷阔勒语, Sàléikuòlèyǔ, 色勒库尔语, Sèlèkùěryǔ or 撒里科里语, Sǎlǐkēlǐyǔ.
  4. Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Tǎjíkèyǔ jiǎnzhì 塔吉克语简志 [Outline of the Tajik language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  5. Rudelson, Justin Jon (2005). Lonely Planet Central Asia Phrasebook: Languages of the Silk Road. Footscray: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74104-604-1.
  6. Shaw, Robert (1876). "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhí and Sariḳolí)". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 45 (2): 139–278 via biodiversitylibrary.org.
  7. Xiren Kurban & Zhuang (2008)
  8. 高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng (1996). Tǎjíkè-Hàn cìdiǎn 塔吉克汉词典 [Tajik–Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese). Chengdou: Sichuan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-5409-1744-X.
  9. Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (Татьяна Н. Пахалина) (1966). Sarykol'skij Jazyk Сарыкольский язык [The Sarikoli Language] (in Russian). Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
  10. Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (Татьяна Н. Пахалина) (1971). Sarykol'sko-russkij slovar' Сарыкольско-русский словарь [Sarikoli–Russian Dictionary] (in Russian). Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
  11. Gao 1996.
  12. Kim, Deborah (2017). Topics in the syntax of Sarikoli. Leiden University.

Further reading





На других языках


- [en] Sarikoli language

[es] Idioma sarikoli

El idioma sarikoli (también Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) es un miembro del subgrupo Pamir de los idiomas iranios orientales hablado por los Tajikos en China. Se refieren oficialmente a él en China como el "Lenguaje Tayiko", sin embargo es diferente al idioma tayiko hablado en Tayikistán.

[fr] Sariqoli

Le sariqoli est une langue iranienne parlée dans le Sud-Ouest du Xinjiang, dans les régions montagneuses du Pamir, en Chine[3] dans la plus grande partie du Xian autonome tadjik de Taxkorgan.

[ru] Сарыкольский язык

Сарыкольский язык — язык сарыкольцев, один из памирских языков. Распространён в Китае, на территории Ташкурган-Таджикского автономного уезда Синьцзян-Уйгурского автономного района как разговорный язык сарыкольцев и в меньшей степени ваханцев, которые заимствуют из него лексику[3]. Число носителей — около 16 тыс. чел. В Китае сарыкольский язык официально называется «таджикским» (кит. упр. 塔吉克语, пиньинь Tǎjíkèyǔ). Сарыкольская подгруппа относится к шугнано-рушанской языковой группе[4][5].



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